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6 ืฉืฅืก 8114016ืฉ8 ืฉ/10ื•ืกื˜ื˜ 06ื”ืžื– 1785 01121/ื”ื ืช ืคื•ื 1 


ืž00002110ื™ 210166045 116111896 


ื ื–ืกืก. 014016ืก-10))04100190ืž1 
01116.001ืก-100150ืฅ//:ืคืž11ื˜ 


2000084000 016065ืขืง 11601896 06 1 60 


ื–ืกืŸ ืข1011ื–51 ืกื—ื•|ืžืก 1066ื˜ืกื–ื˜ ืค1 101ื–16ืกื—ื– 1015 
ื–ืก 010ื–600840 ,ื•10ืกื–ืกื—ื–ื—ื–ืกืก ื–ืกื™1 ืฆื•ื—ืก 96ื˜ |ืกื—ืกืคื–ืกื˜ืŸ 
0ื—6ืฉืก!1ืกืŸ 106 64 ืคื•ื• 0001004 16456ื˜ ,156 ื–ืกืฐ}ืก ืฅื—ื 

644 /001ื–ืก 


ื ื–ืกืก. 014016ืก-10)604100190ืž1 


ืž1'01002110 21016049 116111296 ืกื— 1' 0 


/ 
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11 
2 


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ืœื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ื•ืจ. ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืฉ ืžื•ืขืœ ืจืึทื–ื™ืŸ 


ืกืื•ื•ืฉื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืฉื–ื™ื™ืžื›ืื ืจ 


ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ-ืง'ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืฃ 
ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื› 


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ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ 
6 

ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ 196 

8 

ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืคึผื™ืกืื˜ืขืœ" 


ืžืึท ืก ืง ื•ื• ืข 


ื ึดืึตื™ืื‘ืฆืจ 7 77 72 


8125 ื”-ืขืขื˜ืขื™ .2 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ. โ€ ื. ื˜ ืฉ ืขืจื  ืขื - 
ืง ืึท, ืฐื•. ืฉ ื™ ืจ ืึท ืง ืึธ ื•ื•. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ื™ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืŸ ' ื™ื™ + ) 

ืž. ืื™ืกืฒึทืขืฐ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ , 

ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืงืก ื“ืขืคื•ื˜ืื˜. 'ืขืึธ ื ื™ื“ 
ืฉ ืงืึธืœื ื™ืง. ืื™ื” ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘.. = : 

ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง-ื“ืื˜ืขืก. ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืฃ (1940--1966) 
ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒื™ืฃ ื ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข) 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธืŸ. ื™ื–ืงืขืจ (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) 

ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ โ€ + .2 

ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืคึผืœืึธื˜ืงื™ืŸ. ืœื™ื“ืขืจ . . . : 

ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืข : 

ืฉืึธึท ืœืข ืก"ื ืœืฒ ื› ืข ื. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก (ืจืึธืžืืŸ. 
ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) . . . 

ื‘ืึทืจื™ืก ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื•ืขื’ (ืคึผืึธืขืžืข) , 

ืื™ืกืืง ื‘ืื‘ ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜. 1920 ื™ืึธืจ (ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) . . . 

ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคืจื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐ ืœื™ื ื. ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืžืขืก -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืžืขืก . . . . = = : 

ืขืœื™ืฉืขืฐื•ืข ืงืื ืฆืขื“ื™ืง. ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข "ื™ื™ ื 

ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข. ื“ ืึท ืฐืจื™ื“ ืค ืจ ืœื™ื“ 
ืฉ ื˜ ื ื˜. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข 

ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ. ื›ื ืฆ ืงืœ ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ 1896-- 
7 ื“ ืึท ื•ื• ื™ ื“ ื”ืึทืคืฉ ื˜ืฒื• ืืข 1152 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ : 

ืขืœื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืืŸ. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืœืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™- 
ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ื•ื™ืกืึธืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ื™: ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืข . + + + . , 4 / 

ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืข . ' 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื–ื™ืฉืฉ"ื™ ื™ื‘ .ืขื™ ื‘ืจ + 606 ื˜ื’ 6 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ืฉ. ืฐื•ื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื•. 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 4 

ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื . ืž. ื ื™ืง ืึท ืœืกืงื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ (ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’) : 4 * 6 

ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื?" * ื™ื™ , 

ืจืขื–ื•ืžืข (ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ) . . . .6 .6 .6 . 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึทืจ 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก 
ืจืขื“ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข: 


ื›. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืขืš (ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ), 

ืฉ. ื’ืึทืจื“ืึธืŸ, ื˜. ื’ืขืŸ, 

ื. ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืกืงืึตื™, ื‘. ืžืึธื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ, 
ื›. ืžืขืœืืžื•ื“, ื‘. ืกืื ื“ืœืขืจ, 
2 ืขืกื˜ืš! {| (ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ), ื”. ืคึผืึธืœื™ืื ืงืขืจ, 

ื™ื™ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื™. ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืžืืŸ 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจื“ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ 


ื™ื™ 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืืฆ:ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืœืืžืขื ื˜ื™ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืŸ 


ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืึธืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืขืก ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืคืจืื’ืข: ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ? 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื–ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขื™ 
ืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื•ืžืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืขืกื˜ืจืึทื™ึดืงืข 
ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืฆื™ืจืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึทืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข ืืฑื™ืกืœืึธื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื•ืฉื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื™ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืฉืึทื˜ืฑืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืง", ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ืจืฒึทืคืข 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ืืฃ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื ืืจืงืึธื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื ืืคึผืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึทืจื“ื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื•ื™ืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืึธื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืื•ื•ืœืขืก. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื: ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืืกืงื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืึทืœืขื-ื•ื•ืขืฉืืœื•ื•ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืข 
ืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, -- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆึดื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ? 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฑื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’-ืกื™ื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืคึผื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืคึผืจื™ืึธืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืœื˜ืข ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืก, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ 
ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœ 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืขืฆืœืขืš ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืืกืงื™ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ื‘ืื 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืขื˜ืฐื™ื“ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ื ืึธื–ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืœืื ื“ ืง. ื›ืืœื™ืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง". ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ื™ืข. ืงืื’ืืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกืŸ... 

ื“ื™ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืคึผืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ,ื“ืขืจื™ืึธื’ื˜" ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื ืงืœืืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืงืกื™ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืก. ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžื•- 
ืœื™ืจื•ื ื’: , ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง -- ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืงืื–ื™ืึธื ืขื ื’ืื–ืึธืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". 

ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื– ืืฒึทื˜ืžืื˜ืึธื•, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืึธืจื˜: ,ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทื ื˜ืจืฑื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ"... 


ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืขืจืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขื– ื ืžืืจื˜ื™ืจืึธืœืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ื–ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“: ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืขืก ื 
ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ึตืืœื™ื–ื. 

ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉืข , ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื™- 
ื’ื™ื–ื›ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขืืœืข 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืฒื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ึถื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ื ืกื˜ 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš-ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ืžืก ืื•ืŸ ืืžื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฒึทืกืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ , ื“ืขื˜ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ" ื”ืฒึทื ื˜. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื–, ืขืžืขืก, ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ 
ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืžืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžื ืึทืจืžืืœืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื‘ืืœื˜ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ. ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืขืฆืขื ,ืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ', ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทื‘ืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืื•ืžืฆืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ื™ืึทื™ืฉื˜ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืกื˜ืข ืจืฉ 
ื’ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืขืจื˜ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื‘ืื™ 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืฅื™ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื , ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ" ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืง. ื›ืืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื–ืืžืขื ืคืึทืจ: ,ืื’ืขื•, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ? ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื, ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ...", 

ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื–, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืืŸ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผ- 
ื”ืขื ื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื•ื•ืขืจืขื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฒื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื ื“' 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึทื›ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืื–ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข: 
ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืึทืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื ื•ืคึผ, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ืœืขื‘ื ืกืคืขื™ืง. ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš, ืฐืึทืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืก-ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผืฉืฒึท ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื’. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืฆื•ื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“. 

ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ืฐื™ืงื•ืขืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก. ืฐืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– ืืจื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึธืจืžื•ึนืœ -- ,ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ", ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ,ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ -- ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ". ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื‘. ืึทืœืฒื ื™ืง: ,ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ื. ื’ืึทืจื‘ื•ื ืึธื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื˜ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: ,ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“..." ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ืง -- ืกืึทืคืœืึธืœื›ืึธืก 
ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืึธืจื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืœ! 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฆื™ืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืก: ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืฃ ,ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ" ืคืืจืงืึทื ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืž. ื›. ื’ืึทืจื‘ืื˜ืฉืึธื™. 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื•ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืคึผืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ื . ื ืื–ืืจื‘ืฒึทืขื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืข- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึทื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขื– (ื™ืึธ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืกื•ื•ื•ืขืจืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืคืืกื•ื ;". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคึฟื•ื˜ืื˜ 
ื. ื’ืึธืจื‘ื•ื ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ,ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืฒื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ื›ืื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฉืืคืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธืึทืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืกืกืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืœืŸ". 

ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืงืขืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืขืกื˜ืจืึธื™ืงืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืค" 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฒื ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืขื ื“ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ื- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜: ,ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืจืขืคึผื™ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข, 


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ืคืืจืืŸ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืืกืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจืขืกื˜ืจืึธืฒ 
ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ึดืขื ื˜ื™ืจ;: ืฆืขืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘- 
ืœื™ืงืŸ. ืขืžื™ืกืืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ , ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืขื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื–ืฉ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืจื’ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ื•ื•. ืจืืกืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ), ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, ืฐืฒึทื›- 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืข, ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ืข ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืงืึธืžื™ืฐื•ืึธื™ืื–ืฉืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ 
ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข โ€ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ,ืจืข 
ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืืฆื™ืขืก" (ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ 
ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข:-= ืจืขื“); 

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•: ืื–ื ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืžื™ืžืขืก. 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื•ื™ื›ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขืš ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ืœืึธื“, ื ื“ืขืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœ 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ,. ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื’ืื–ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืฒื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืฅ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ืŸ" 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, ืฉืืคืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืฆื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ืคืขืก. 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ึผื•ืฐื•ืขืจืขื ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคื™ื ืื ืกื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ' 
ืงื•ืžืข ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื“ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืก-ืคืจืึธืฆืขืกืŸ, ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ - ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื™ื”. ืงื™ืŸ ืืŸ" 
ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ื. ื˜ ืฉืข ืจ ื  ืข ื  ืง ืึธ, 
ื•ื•. ืฉ ื™ ืจ ืึธ ืง ืึท ืฐื• 


ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจืงื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ 


ืจืึธื ื ืฒึทืข ืœืขืจืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคืข ,ื™ึทืจื™ืฉ" 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืฐื•ื• ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขืจืŸื•ื™ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื’ืึทืจืงืฒ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1981 --1982. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืคึผืจื•ึผื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื’,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. 

ื”ืื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ-ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืื•ืคื ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืจืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ?" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืกื˜ืื‘ื™ืœืข. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืขืจื ื™ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขื™ืœืึธืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคืจืืšื•ื•ื™ืจืขืฉืืคืข 


ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืช 
ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜. ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื, ืื™ืจืงื•ื˜ืกืง, ื ืื’ืึธืจื ื™ ืงืืจืื‘ืืš, ืขืกื˜ืœืื ื“, ืœื™ื˜ืข, 
ืœืขื˜ืœืื ื“, ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ืข, ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืข... ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉืืจืฃ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ื˜ืื“ื–ืฉื™ืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงื™ืกื˜ืืŸ, ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืื ื“, ืก'ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ. , ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื" ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ึทืึธื™ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžืืฆืขื• 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึท ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“? ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื•ืกืงื•ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื- 
ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜. ื ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืœื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ. ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืืœื™ืข. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 

ื ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ,ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’". ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื˜ื ืึธืก. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš -- ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืืจ, 
ืžืืžืข-ืœืึธืฉืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืกืืžืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ', ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ -- ืฐื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืกื˜ ืงืœื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ืก 
ื ืกืืš ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ. 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ: 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 60'ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืฐ. ืฐ. ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื•ืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึท, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ (ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืึธ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ืœ ืคืืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ), ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธื“ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืฉืžืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฒึทืฐืขื–ื ื“ืข, ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ,ื–ื“ืจืืกื˜ื™ื˜!" 
(,ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜') ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. 

ืคืืจื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐ. /. ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื• ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš- 
ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš-ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ? 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธื’-ืกืฒื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฐื™ ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. 


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-- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ, ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื . ืื™. ืงืึธื ืจืื“. -- 
ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื™ืึธืกื™ืคืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ? 

ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืงืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขืš ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธืฐื• ืืŸ ืืงืื“ืข- 
ืžื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึทื ืจืื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“-ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ื“ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง-ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ืข ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ 
(ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื ื’ืขืŸ: 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ? 

ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื™ 
ื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ? ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืื ื“ื™ื“ืื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืื’ืื ื“ืขื ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจืก ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข... 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก", ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฐื•. ืฐื•. ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืฑึทืง ื ืึธื›- 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ืขืฐื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผ: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืกืฒึทืขืฐ? 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ: ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธืฐื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, 

-- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜? 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืจื•ืฃ-ืฆื• ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก. 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜, ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆึดืึธืœ 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืื ื“? ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทื’ืจืืคืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื–ืืžื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉื•ืœ-ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื“ื’. ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื”ืืคื˜ื™ืงืข. ื–ื™ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ืฑื™ื“ืขืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฆืึธืœืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืื’ืื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ 
ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืขืืจื™ื›ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืข ืึทื ืฐืขื–ื ื“ืข 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื•. ืฐ. ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธื•ื• ืคืขื™ึดืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืึธืžื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ื˜ืืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืข 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืืจืฃ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืขืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืึธืคึผืฉื ื™ื˜ (10--12 ื™ืึธืจ) ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง (!) ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืงืฆื™ืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 30-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข-ืœื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ 


7 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืขืก, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืข ืื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืœืข ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ืึทึธืœืึทื’ื™ืข,. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื“ื’. ืึธืŸ ื›ืึธืคืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืฉืคึผืจืืš:ืงืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ,ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืข, 
;ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ", , ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฐื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ", , ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืจืฒึทื›ืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ", , ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš' ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. 

ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึทื ืึธืœืึธื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืืึธ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืช 
ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜:ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืž. ืฐ. ืงืขืœ 
ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜: ,ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

-- ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื™ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธื’-ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื• 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ 
ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธืฐืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืงืึธืึทืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ,ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผืึทื›ืข" (ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื, 1964), , ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ" (ื‘. |--ืฆื•, ืž., 1964 -- 
8) ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•. ืฐื•. ืฐื™ื ืึทื’ืจืื“ืึธืฐื•ืก ืื•ืคื˜ืจืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ,ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง" ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื’ืฆ 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฒืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ:ืกืึทืฆื™ื™ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ืกืึท 
ืœื™ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ื‘ืืจืข ืฆืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื•ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜:ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš. 

ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข , ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข" ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึท 
ืจื™ืขืก, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื’ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคืจืื›ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืกืืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื‘ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™. ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื. 
ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก. , ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 2.000 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ", -- ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืคื‘ื•ืš , ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื™ื•. ื“ืขืฉืขืจื™ืขื•, ืž. ืงืืžืืจื™, ืž. ืžืขืœื™ืงื™ืืŸ, 
ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– , ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืขืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื’ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืขืงื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื ืขื˜ืข 2500 -- 3000 ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ'. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 1,5 ืื•ืŸ 6,5 ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืขืก -- 
,ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜", , ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜", , ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง', , ื‘ืขืขืจืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืข"ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง', โ€ ืืจื•ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜", , ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜" ืืื•ื•. 

ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื˜ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ 
ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข? ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. 


8 


ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ' 
ื‘ืื ื“, ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™. 

ืคืืจืืŸ ืคืืœืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื™ ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืงืื‘ืืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจ" 
ืงืขืกืŸ, ืงืืจืื˜ืฉืฒึทื™ืขืฐื•ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืงืืจืŸ. ืก'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืœืง ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸ ื‘ืื ืžืึธืจื“ืึธืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง (ืขืจื–ื™ื-ืžืึธืจื“ืึธืฐื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืงืฉื-ืžืึธืจื“ืึทืฐื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืžืืจื™ืขืจ 
(ืœืึธื ืงืข-ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’-ืžืืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ). 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืคื™ืœ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก -- ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื - 
ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก (ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ, ืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸ, ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขื›ืŸ, ืืœื‘ืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข). 

ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึทึผืจืื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื–ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜. ืื–ื•ื™, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ,ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืื’ืขืกื˜ืืŸ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื- 
ืœืขืงื˜ื–, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ืจืื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืžึดื™ืจ ืืœืก ื“ื™ื- 
ืœืขืงื˜ืŸ-ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืœึถืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 128--132. (ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ืงืฒึทืœืขืš, ืฉืืคื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก). ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ , ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ" (ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•. ื•ื•. ืฐื™ื ืึธื’ืจืื“ืึธืฐื•), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืข 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ (ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1968 '.). 

ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ-ืฉืคืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืื ืึธืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง. 
ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืื›ื•ื•ืขืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืž' 
ืงืึธืœ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึท ื ืืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
0 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ (ื™ืขื“ืขืจืข). ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข -- ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 140 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ -- ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ 43 ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ, ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงืŸ -- 12,5 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืŸ -- 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
9 ื™ืึธืจ). 

ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืึธืœ-ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืขื•ื˜ืŸ, 
ื ืขื’ื™ื“ืืœืŸ, ื™ื•ืงืื’ื™ืจืŸ (ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™), ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจืึธื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื˜ืขืœื™ 
ืžืขื ืขืŸ, ืขืกืงื™ืžืึธืกืŸ, ืื•ื“ืขื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืกืืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืข. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื˜ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ. 

ืื–ื•ื™, ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 2 ื‘ื™ื– 6,5 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืื›ืŸ, ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ, ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ื’ืจื•ื–ื™" 
ื ืขืจ, ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืขืจ, ื˜ืื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ืจืงืžืขื ืขืจ, ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ; ื‘ืขืขืจืขืš ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜' 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืื’ืขืกื˜ืืŸ, ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืืฉืงื™ืจืŸ, ืžืึธืจื“ื•ื•ื™" 
ื ืขืจ, ืขืกื˜ืึธื ืขืจ; ื‘ื ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ -- ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืฉืขื ืฆืขืก, ืื•ื“ืžื•ืจื˜ืŸ, ืžืืจื™ืขืจ, ืึธืกืขื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงืึธืžื™. ืึธื " 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 450.000 ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจืฒืขืจ, ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ืŸ, 
ื™ืืงื•ื˜ืŸ, ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืงืื‘ืืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงืืจืืงืืœืคึผืืงืŸ, ืืฑื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืฆื™ื’ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื’ื•ืฉืŸ, ื’ืื’ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื•ื•ื™" 
ื ืขืจ, ืงืืœืžื™ืงืŸ, ืงืืจืขืœืŸ, ืงืืจืื˜ืฉืฒึทืขืฐืฆืขืก, ืงื•ืจื“ืŸ, ืื“ื™ื’ื™ื™ืขืจ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆืึทืœ-ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขื ืฆืขืก, ืขืฐืขื ืงืŸ, 
ื›ืื ื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืฉื•ืงื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืฐืขื ืขืจ, ื ืื ืฒึทืฆืขืก, ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 10 ื‘ื™ื– 320 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืฃืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,,ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข" (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ) ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืคืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 1000 ื‘ื™ื– 7500 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื™ืืงืŸ, 
ืžืื ืกื™, ื“ืึธืœื’ืื ืขืจ, ื ื™ื•ื•ื›ืŸ, ืกืขืœืงื•ืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืœื˜ืฉื™, ื ื’ืื ืืกืื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืข. ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืœืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืึธืคืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื‘ื›ืื–ืŸ, ื›ืืงืืกืŸ, ื‘ืืœืงืืจืŸ, ืืœื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ื•ื ื’ืื ืขืจ, ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืขืกืŸ, ืื‘ืื–ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืกื™ืจื™ึดืขืจ, ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืฉืึธืจืฆืขืก. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ. 


ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืคึผืืœื™ื˜ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ,ื ืืฆื™ืึธื™ 
ื ืืœืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก'. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืฑื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ 
(1,9 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ), ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ (1,2 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธ), ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจืŸ (361.000), ื’ืจื™ื‘ืŸ (344), ืื•ื ื’ืืจืŸ (171), 
ืจื•ืžืขื ืขืจ (129), ื˜ืขืจืงืŸ (93), ืคึผืขืจืกืŸ (31) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืืจื™ื–ื ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ืคืืจื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข , ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜". ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 130 ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื– 
0 ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ืงืึธืžืคืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืข ืจืื ื“ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฑื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจืืฆืขืก 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜-ื’ืจืืคื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืžืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื”ื• 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก (ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ -- ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ืฆืข) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ (ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ืžืึธืจื“ืฐื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธืกืขื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงืึธืžื™, ืื•ื“ืžื•ืจื˜ืŸ, ื˜ืฉื•ึผ' 
ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ, ื™ืืงื•ื˜ืŸ), ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ, ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืืœืžื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืืžืื™ื–ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืœื˜-ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืจ-ืžืึธื ื’ืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ, ืงืจื™ืžืขืจ, ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ (ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื“ืื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืื•" 
ืงืื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืฑื™ืžืขืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก. 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืืคื™ืง 16 ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ (ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงื•, ื˜ืื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืงืื–ืื›ืŸ, ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ, ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืื’ืขืกื˜ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“.). ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง 
ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื”ืื’ืื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื - 
ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืœืืกื™ืง. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜-ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ 
ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ื 
ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื 50 ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. 

ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขื–, ื•ื™ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืขื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ. 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 30-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ื›ืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืืฃ ืงื™ืจื™ืœื™ืฆืข (ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ืข). ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฃ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืจืื’ืข: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก? ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืœื 
ื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข" ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฐืจืขื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืกืึทืฆืฒึทืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก. ืก'ืื™ื–, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ'ื˜ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื ืื˜ืฉืืจืกืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืœืื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืขืค- 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืœืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 


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ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคืึทืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, 
ืื™ื– -- ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืจืขืคื•ื‘- 
ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ึทืึทื ืืœืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื , ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืฒึทื˜", 
ื ืึธืจ ื ,,ืคื™ืœืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืฒึทื˜', ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืœืฑื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš , ืืจืฒึทื ื’ื™ืกืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš , ืงืึธื ืกืึธ 
ืœื™ื“ื™ืจืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืืฆื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 30-ืขืจ -- 40-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืœืก ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 60-ืขืจ -- 70-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข. ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ,ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืื ืฆืขืก", 
,ื’ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืจ", , ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงืŸ" ืืื•ื•. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื– ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’. ืืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืืžื™ืจืขืจ ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ื“ืื’ืขืกื˜ืื ืขืจ ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืจื‘ืฒึทื“ื–ืฉืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืืฐ. 

ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืขืจื™ึดืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึทื ืึทืžืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐื˜ืึทื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึทืžืข 
ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื–ื ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื“ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืขืจ. 

ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฉืืฆืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ื’ืขืฉืืคืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜:ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ,ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜" (ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ -- ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“-ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืฐ. ืž. 
ืกืึธืœื ืฆืขื•ื•, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ). 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. 

ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒืฉื›ึผืจืื›ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืง- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข , ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ". 

ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืื›ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฒื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื–ื. ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืคึผื“ืึทื‘ืœืขื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืึธืจ ,ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ" ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜:ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื“ื’., ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉื ืกื™ื™ืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื•ื ื’ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื›ืœื™ืง. ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ื™ืงืข ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืž- 
ื’ื™ื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ึทืึทื ืืœืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. 

ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื›ื˜ืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธืคึผืฉื•ืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืึธืก 
ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉื›ึผืจืืš, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉื ื ื- 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืœื™ื–ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ. 


ืž. ืื™ืกืฒึท ืขืฐื•, 
ื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ 


ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ืขืคื•ื˜ืื˜ 


ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื‘ 


ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ืŸืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. 
ื›'ื”ืืœื˜, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื–ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื ืืฐื˜ืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข, ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืžืขื ื™ืฉืข. ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธ 
ื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงืจืฒึทื–. 

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื˜ืื ื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืคืืจืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ,ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ" ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ , ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื™ื’ื ื˜ -- ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœืงืก-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜: ืžืข ืคึผืœืื ื™ืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืคึผืขื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื“ื’., 
ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืงืึธืึธืจื“ื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, 

ืื–ื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“. ืื–ื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืฐืขื˜, ืœืฑื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ืจืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง -- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“. 

ื–ื™ืฒื™ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– -- ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืขืก. 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ,ืžืฒึทืœืข" ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืืงื˜ื™ืฐืงืฒึทื˜. ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืœ -- ื“ืขืจืึธื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื–ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ , ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ". 

ื›'ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ,ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜", ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœื  
ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœึธืง. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืจืขืคื•ืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒื–ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื•ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืจืขืึทื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ", ืคื•ืŸ ื ,ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื™ืคืขืจื™ืข". ื–ื™ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืฐื˜ืึทื ืึทืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื›ื•ืฅ ืฆื•' 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ 
ืคืจืืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“. 

ืึธืคึผื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ 
ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืคื™ื ืฃ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืกืืš ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื 
ื ืึธืจืžืืœืข ื“ืขืžืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘: ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึทื ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธ 
ืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, 

ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ ืฉืงืึธืœื ื™ืง, 

ืžื™ื˜ื’ืจื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 

ืงืึทืžื™ืกื™ืข ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขื• 


12 


ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 


ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขื ืžืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึทืœืึธื’ 


ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ืค. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ึนืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืจื•ื•ื• ืื•ึนื ื˜ืขืจืกื 
ื›ืืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš: ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•. ืฐืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืืก? ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ? ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืงืŸ 'ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜? ืขืคืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืžืขืฐืขื˜, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืึทืจืžืืœืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืึทืจืžืืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืืก ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึทืš ืขืคืขืก ื™ืึท ื‘ืื”ื™ืŸ -- ืกืฒึท ืคืจื™ื“ื ืกืฆืฒึทื˜, ืกืฒึท ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื•ืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜, ืฐืึทืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง 
ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผืœืึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ื™ 
ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืกื™ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ืขื ืกืืžืข ื‘ืขืจื ืœืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“. 


ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึทื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืจืฑึทืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ. ืžืึทืœืึทื˜ืึธืฐืก ืืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, 
ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื˜ืขืœื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื• ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง? ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื’ืขื›ื˜, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืืจืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืžืืงืข ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
,ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข". ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, 
ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืฉืขื•ื•. 


ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื™ืฉืขืงืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืื’ืึทืจ. ื‘ื 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืกื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ื ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืกื˜ -- ,ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’!" 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฆื• ืึธืฐื ื˜-:ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื™ืœื™ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื™ืึทื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจื™ืื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืืœืข ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืกื•ื“ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขื ืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจ-ืœื™ืกื˜ืข. 

ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข-ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืกืงืึทืฐืขืจ ื›ื™ืžื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜. 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“-ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœ- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคึผืจืฒื™ึทืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. 
ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืึธ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืืœื˜ืขืจื™ืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืืคื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ื”ืฑืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข-ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืจื•ื“ืืงืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืจืข 
ื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. 
ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. 

-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื ืคืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื“ืขืœืข ืฐื•ืจืฉื˜. ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืข 
ืงืขืœื™ืฉืขืงืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื™ืขื ืงืึทืžืื˜. ืจื•ื“ืืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืขื ืขืจื™ืฉ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ: 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื’, ืคืจืึทื ื˜ืึธืฐื™ืง! 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ืืžืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืื˜ืฉืข-ื™ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื™ืึธื ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืืœืืฅ. 

ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ืขื ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืจืง ื‘ืื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืคืื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืึทื˜ืึธื™ืื˜ืขืœื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืข: 

-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืคืืจืŸ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืึธืคึผืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ: 

-- ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืฒึทืขื˜ืฉืงืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืกื™ืžืึทื ื™ื. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืฆื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ืขื ื–ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 

-- ืขื˜, ื‘ืึธื›ืข-ืžืฒึทืกืขืก! 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืฃ, ื ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืืกืข ืคืึทื˜ืึธ-ืคื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืงืขืก. ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืคืึทื˜ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉืคึผืืก: , ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข". ืกืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคืก ืฉื•ืœื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš, ืฐื™ 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื 
ืงื•ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜: ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ื“ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืขืžืขืก"-ืคืืจืœืื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืขื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœืขืฆื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทึธื ื™ืงื™ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ. 

ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืšื“ืงืœื•ืžื‘ืขืก ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ืžืืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืฐื™ืงืขืก. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ืคึผืœืฑื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข 


14 *ืŸ 


ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง.. 

ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืข 
ื“ืื ืง ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืง ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข? 


ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืึทื™ืขื ืงืึธื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืืœืก 
ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขื˜ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ 
ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ืคืขืจ 86-- {ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืข 
ืœืึธืจื•ืกืงื™ โ€ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื˜ืื•ืจืงืืœื ื™ืก -- ื ื™ึทืฉืขืฐ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื˜ืœืื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืงื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ืคืจืฒื ื˜ ืžืฒึทืข ืคืืจืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื• 23 ืงื•ืš :2152 


ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึผืœืืคึผืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก ืื”ืขืจ, ื‘ืจืึธื›ืขืก ืื”ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ืฐืึธืกื™ืฐืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืกื™ืจื˜ืึธื ื’ืจืฒึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืฃ ื 
ืคึผืึทืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืขืง ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืกืื›ืืงืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ื”ืืœื‘ื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™. ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™" 
ืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจืื“ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื˜ืคึผืึธืœืง ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื•ืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑื™ืฐื™ื. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ืš ื 
ื•ื•ืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ื ืื“ืขื–ืฉื“ื ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื ื ืงืจื•ืคึผ 
ืกืงืื™ืืก ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ืืจื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1939 ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืœ-ื•ืื ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฐ. ืื™. ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืงืขืžืคืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื˜ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ืื–ื ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืื’ืขื ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ! ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืžืึธืœ, ,ืกื™ืŸ ืจืึธื“ื™ื ื™", ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืืŸ ืจืขื“ืื’ื™ืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืจ ืืœืก ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืจืฉื•ืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฆึดื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธึทืžืื ื“ืข. 

ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืขืฉืขืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ืš- 
ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืžืืกื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ 899, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 248:ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜-ืฐื•ื–ืฐืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื™ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


15 


ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ , ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“" ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ืžื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ' 
ืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ืŸ -- ืื–ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ,. ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ื ืขื, ื’ืขื•ืื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืคืืจืขื ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืžืืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืื˜ืืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื‘ืื ื“ืขืจืคืœ ื˜ืฉืึธืจื ืื™ื, ื›ืึธืœืžื–ืฉื™ืจืงืึธื•" 
ืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจ:ืื˜ืืงื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ. ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืš- 
ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง ืจืึธืžืืฉืึธืฐืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒืคึผืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ -- ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืื“ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง, 
ื‘ื ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฑืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืคืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื™ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ืืœืื‘ื™ื ืึธ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข (1940) 


ื‘ื ื ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืคึทึผืข, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒึทืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข. 

-- ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ, -- ืจืขื–ื•ืžื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง, -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ืขื ืคึผืืกื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ื‘ื ื•ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข, 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง: 

-- ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื• ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืกื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืืจื™ึธืื ื˜, -- ืงืืจืœ ืงืœืื•ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืืจื ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงื˜ื™ืง ืืฃ ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒื ืžืึตืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื: ืงืึทื ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืจ-ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจืฒึทืฆื ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ืžื™ืจื˜ ืจืึธืžืืฉืึธืฐ, -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืื•ื–ืขื•ื•ื™ืฅ. ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืืจื™ืื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืข ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืขืœื ื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1941 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื–ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึธืกืงื•ืข. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืŸ 


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ื ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง-ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืฉ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืืฆื™ืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฉืืคืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ื“ืขื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืข ื ืงืขืกืœืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 

ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸื“ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืึธื“ื•ื’ื™ื ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจื- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื•ื–ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึทื ืขืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืืกืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ื‘ืื“ื™ืŸ- 
ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ -- ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง 
ื˜ืฉืึธืจื ืื™ื---ื›ืึธืœืžื–ืฉื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™, 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืืจืฉืŸ ื ืึทื›ืื ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืž- 
ื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’. ืืจื•ื 
ืฆืขืŸ ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ,ืžืขืกืขืจืฉืžื™ื˜ืŸ" ื‘ืืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจ-ืœื™ื ื™ืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ื–ื•ืŸ-ืคืืจื’ืื ื’, ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,ืงืคึผ" ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ืคืืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื™ืืฐืขื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืœืฒื ืฐื•ืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืื“ื™ื•ื˜ืื ื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื’ื•ื™ืœืขืžืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืึธืฐื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืคืงืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืืŸ ืืฑืกืฐืฒึทื–ื“ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื˜ืข ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ื˜-ืื™ื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืฉืœืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื”ืึธื’ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืกื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ. ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข , ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืฅ!" 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข, ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืึทืฆื™ืงืœื™ืกื˜ืŸื™ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžืึธืฐื™ืงืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืข 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึทืœืกืงืึธื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืกืœืึธืฆื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจืš. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืข ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคืจืึทื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœืื’ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืœืึทืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง 
ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก. ืคื•ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืกื™ืงืข ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืข. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืžืข. ืขืก ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืืœืข ืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ืŸ, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืขืจื’ืขืฅื™ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’. ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’ืก- 
ืงืจืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ--ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉืจืขืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜. ืืจื•ืžื ืœืึธื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื›ืืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืจืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืืจืื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืืงืกืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืืจืžืืกืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขืœื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜. 

-- ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืจืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•? 

-- ืคึผืื˜ืจืึธื ืขืŸ -- ื™ืึธ, ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– -- ื ื™ื˜, 

-- ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืงื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื•ืžื‘ืœืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื•ืขืœื“ืœ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื 
ืงืืกื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืจื•ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืขื ืขื ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืคึผืขืงืขืœืขืš ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืืจื ืขืฆื˜ืข ืกื•ื›ืืจืขืก. ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 


17 


ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ื–ืืง, ืื™ื ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข 
ืกื•ื›ืืจืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจืึธื“ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ -- ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืื–ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืื " 
ืงื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ืžืืŸ 
ืฆืขืŸ, ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืื ื‘ืื˜. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ืคื˜ืœ ืืœื˜ื’ืขื‘ืืงืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืคื™ืฉ. 
ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืงืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“-ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืก. ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืœื™ื˜ืขืจืก. 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื ื‘ืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืจืฐื™ืจื˜, ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜. ื–ื™ ืฐื™ืœ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ื ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ- 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ, ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืœื™ืงืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืœื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจืืฆื™ึทืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก. ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืจืฐืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžื‘ืจืื–ื•ืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืกื™ืฐืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื–, , ืคึผืึธืคึผืœืืกื˜ื•ื ืกืงื™", ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 


ื ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข (ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคื™ื™-ืคืึธื˜ืึธ-ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ) 


ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืืกื˜ืงืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™. ื‘ืื ืจืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืึธืคึผื’ืฅ- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื ืžืืกืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™" 
ืงืขืจ, ืขืกืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืขื›ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™. ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคื•ืจื’ืึธืš-ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืคืขืจืก. ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืืœืก ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคื™ื ืืœ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืขืจ ืงืขืกืœ? 

ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืขืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืงืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฒึทื–ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืœื‘-ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืœ. ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืกืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, ืฐืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขืจืฐืขื ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืคึผื ื™ืึธืงืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 


18 


ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืคืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื•ื™ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืก, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื ืจื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืืฃ ืกืžืึทืœืขื ืกืง 


ืงืื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื•ืกืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทืœืึธื ืข. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืœืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื• ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ 
ื’ืขืงืฒึทืขื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฉืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ื’, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื’ืึธื ืขืŸ. 

ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜-ืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืจืึทื’ืึทื‘ื•ื–ืฉ -- ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืื ื“ื ื™ืขืคึผืขืจ. ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดืฉืื•ึผืฐื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธื ืข ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื’. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ -- ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜ืข ืœืึธื“ื ืก. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ืงืึธืจืžืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืฒึทืš ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขื•ื•ืขืœื“ืœ ืืฃ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืคืขืœื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืื ื’ืืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืžืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืคึผืขืก:ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืืจ ืืฃ ื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ ืžืื›ืึธืจืงืข. | 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืึธืก ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืกืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืกืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืขืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืขืจื“ืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขืจืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื‘ื™. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื’ืจืื’ืขืจื˜, 

ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื“, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธืœืฅ. ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืขืจื“ืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื›ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคื•' 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื ื’ืืจ, ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆึดื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื–ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœ, 

ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืฐื•ื ื™ื˜-ืฐื•, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก, ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื‘-ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึทื ืข ืืคืŸ ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืืงื˜, ื ืฆืขืงืืจื“ืืฉืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคืึธืจืขื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ื ืืกืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืขื˜ื ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜, ืฉืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืคืืœื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™. ืžื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ -- ื ืกืืš ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืึทื’ื“ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ (ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขื ื˜ืขืจื™ืข), ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืกืขื ืข ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืกืข, 
ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•. 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืืงื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื 


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ื™ืึธืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ืื’ื˜ืข 
ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ืคึผืขืจืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผืœืึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: , ืืคึผ!' ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ, 
ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜- 
ืฐื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื ืข ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ื ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ืืœ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืกื˜ืขืคึผ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื ืขืคึผืก, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึทื™ืคื•ืจื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืจืืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจืก ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื“ื™ ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื ืขืคึผืก-ืคืขืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืขืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืฐืึทืจืฆืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒึทืขืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื–ืขื. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื”ืืฐืงืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืš: ,ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ! ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ!', ืžืข 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืฐืึท 
ืงืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืจื ืขืคึผืก-ืคืขืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึทืš ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ืคืœ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืกืžืึธืœืขื ืกืงืขืจ ื˜ืจืืงื˜. 

ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืงืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ืกืžืึทืœืขื ืกืง, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืืฃ ื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืข 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืขืกืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœืขื›ืขื ืขื 
ืงืึทื›ืœืขืคืœ ืฆืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข -- ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืงื•ื•ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื˜ืข ืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคื™ืœื˜ืŸ 
ืงืจื•ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืžืฒึทื›ืœ' ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืืœ. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืก. 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืกืฐืฒึทื– ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ -- ืจื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืืฑืกืœืึธื“ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืคึผืœืืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื’ืขืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒึทืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™" 
ืงืขืจ ืžืืกืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ืขืจื˜ - ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจืฑื™ืกืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ืขื. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ ื ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ืื‘ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื›ื˜ืฆื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืข ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืก:ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื™ 
ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื˜ืึธื’. ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื’ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืึธืฐืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืข 
ืœืื˜ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™... 

ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื˜ืืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืคึผืขืœ -- ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ. ืื–ื ืืคึผืขืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข, ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ 


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ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืฒ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฒึทื ืก ืฉืœืึทื’ื˜ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–. 

ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื ื™ืื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข-ืคื™ืœื˜ื™ืจืื–ืฉืงืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื–ืฉืื ื˜ ืœืื‘ืขืฆืงื™, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืืงื ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจืขื ื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ื•ืžื™-ืฉื˜ืขืงืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืœืื‘ืขืฆืงื™. 

-- ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจื’ืขืก ืžื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ืจืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื™" 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ? ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื“ืขื ืื™ืก. 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืจืกืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืงืจืฉื•ืœ, ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ? ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ืขืคึทึผืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื. 

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื ืงืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ื›ืึทืจืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข. ื“ืึธ ื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื ื™ืื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ืขืœืขืจ ืืงืฉืึทื ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 

-- ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื•, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึทืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืงืึธืคึผื™ืŸ. ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜? 

-- ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืึธึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ื™ืคึผื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืงื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืงืึธืจืขื ืขื ืกื•ื›ืืจ. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื™ื–ืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ืฐื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ื”ืจื™ื–ืข, ื”ืจื™ื–ืข, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืขืœืข. ืฐื™, ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื•, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš -- ื™ื•ื–ื™ืง? ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธึทื›ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืจื™ื–ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืืฉืŸ. ืืจื•ื 
ืขืœืฃ ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜? -- ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื. 

-- ื“ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธืฐื•ืฆืขืก ืฉื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืœืข ืกืึธื’ -- ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ื ืกืืš ืื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจืฆืขืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื˜ืืœืขืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ;: ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืฒึทื™ึดืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึธืจื’ืœืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ? 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก:ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื•ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืงืึทื ืขืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื ืกื™ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ืจืึท- 
ืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข -- ืฉืคึผืฒึทื“ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ. 
ืื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 1986 ,8 ืคื, ืขื”ื’ื—ื˜ืกืฅื;ื’ โ€ 68068840-40610043608441 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื ื•ืž. 270 ืคื•ืŸ 16 ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1941, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื ืš" 
ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก 
ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ ื™ืืงืึธืฐื• ื“ื–ืฉื•ื’ืืฉื•ื™ืœื™, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืื– 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ืฒื™ื‘ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืŸ- 
ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืึธืคื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื‘ืืฐืึธืคึผื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื 


21 


ืฉื™ื–ื. ืื™ืŸ 1941 ื”ืึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืขืจ ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึธื ืฆืฒืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคื™ืจ 
ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ, ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื˜ืข ื“ืจืื’ื•ื ืงืขืก. 


ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื‘ืขืฆืงื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

-- ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขืžืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ. ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, -- ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ ืคืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐื™ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืงืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธืฐืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ื“ืขืจืงืึทืžืื ื“ืขืก. ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื ืขืก. 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆ-ืขืกืขืกืึทืฐื•ืฆืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื‘ืขืฆืงื™ืก, ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ืœื˜ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืึทืฐ- 
ื˜ืฉืืจืงืขืก. 

ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืืจืขืžื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืœืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื‘ื ื”ืื ื˜. ืขืก ื ืึธื™ืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. 


ื™ื™ ืื™ - ืื˜ ื™ื™ 0 ื ื™ืœื ืจ . 
2 6 ื 8 : = 6 ื : 62 4 ืฉื ื / : 


6646 : ื™ื˜ ืขืก ?ืืง ื™ื™ ื•ื˜ 


ืขืจ ืจ 


: ืื–ื˜ึฟื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื ื ืืฆ 6210ืืฅ298 2664 52 8 160 ื ืจ ื™ื™ 


ืจืื’ 63 ืขื“ = 8 


ืฉืืจ 


ื˜ 6 2 1 ื™ืก : : ื™ื ) 
: : : ื ืืก ืื˜ ื‘ืื˜ 4 
1 : ื ื™ืข ืื™ 2 : 7 : 5 : : : 
52 2 : : ืขื™ 2 6 5 ืฉื™ 2 
6 2 : : 
6 ื™ื™ 
2 2 
ื ื : 
02 64 *ื 2 ืขื˜ื™ื’ 2 
4 ืื˜ ืื˜ ื = : ืฉืขืฉืขื ืฉืขืขื™ืื˜ืข, ืฉืขื˜. 
8 ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื ื‘ ืขื‘ื˜ ืขื‘ื˜ ืขื‘ื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ืขื ื’ื’ื ื“ ืœื’ ื˜ืขื  ืขื ืขื™ ื’ืœืขืœื˜-ืขื™ื ื™ื ืข:ืขื™ืฆื™ื˜ืฉืฉื˜ืฉืฉืฉื˜ื™ืžืขื˜ืขื™ื˜ืข 


ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจื™ืื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก ื ืคืืจืคืืœืขื ืขื ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ 


ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ , ื“ื™ ืงื™ืš". ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืจื™, ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึทืœื“ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืขืกืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจืฐืšืคึผื•ืฉืงืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ืœืข 
ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืคึผืึธื˜ืจืืฐืข -- ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข -- ื’ืœืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื˜ืงืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืœืขืคื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข -- ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ื’ืจื™ื ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืึธืจ"ืžืขืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทืขืŸ. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืฒึทื›ืœ! ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจืขืจ ืคืืœืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฆื•ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืกืฐืฒึทื–. ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื–ื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 


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ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐ: 

-- ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืืฐืขืงืคึผืฒื™ื’ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ!.. 

ืืฃ ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืงื ื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคืจืื›ื˜ืฆื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข 
ืคึผื•ืœืžืืŸ-ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื™ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืคืจืื›ื˜-ืคื•ืจื’ืึธืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ -- ื ืœืื‘ืŸ ืขืจื–ืืฅ-ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื–ืึทื ืขืŸ. ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืื™ืึธืง. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ืœืžืื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื”ืืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืค" 
ืฆื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืื’ืึทืจื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืžืื ืขืก ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื•ืกืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืข ืคืจืื›ื˜-ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืืœื‘ืขืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ. 


ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืจืึทืฅ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืึธื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื, ืื ื“ืขืจืข -- ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื‘-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฐืื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ-ืœืืžื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจืขื›ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื–ื•ืคึผ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ืก ืคืœื™ืื’ืข. ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขืš. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื’ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืคื™ืฆื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ 
ืฉืžืึธืœืข, ืคืืจื’ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ื•ืื’ืึทื–ื“ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืกื’ื™ื™ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื™ืง 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื•ื™ืœื ืข. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืฒึท ื ืžืฒึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ื ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ. ื ืžืฒึทืœืข -- ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืจืขื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื™. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ืข ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึทืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืš, ืืจืฒึทื ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. ื“ื™ ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืก ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ, ืขืจื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืžื•ืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ืฆืขื’ืขื‘ืขืจ. ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืฐื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืฒื ืฆืœื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ื˜ืืงื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ืื–ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘-ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืึธืœืง. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฑื’ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืื›ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ -- ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ืžืึธืจื“. ืืฃ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื–ื•ื•ืขื“ืงืข. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืก, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜. ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืฒื™ื–ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืขืง 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืกืžืขืจืฉืึธืฐืขืฅ, ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“-ืžื•ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœืฐืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜, ื“ื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 


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ืงืœืึธืฅื™ืงืืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืงืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืงืขื˜ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืžืืจื™ื˜ืฉืขื•ื• ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื‘ืื“ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ! 

ื•ื•ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคึผืงื™ืœืŸ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืจื•ื™ืง ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜: 

-- ืื™ืš, ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘, ืื– ืก'ืฐืขื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื‘ื 
ืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ื™ืš, ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’, 
ืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืึธื’, ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคึผื•ืกื˜ ืคืขืœื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืงืขืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸื“ืžืื’ื™ืกื˜ืจืืœ. ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจื ืœืื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ... 


ืึทึธื‘ืขื ืจืึธื“ืข 


ืื”ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืšืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงื™ืฆื•ื’ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื’ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜-ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ื™ึธืฉื•ึผืฐื™ื, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืขื˜ืขืš ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœื“ืจืึธื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐื˜ืึท- 
ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื’ื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืขืžืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ืข ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจืก. ื ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ-ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ 
ืขืจื“-ืงืขืœืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ืข ืคืืจ ืกืงืœืื“ื™ืจืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึทืคืœ, ื‘ื•ืจืขืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื™ื ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืฉืœืึธืฃ-ื‘ืœืึทืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขืฐื•ื™ึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฆื• ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ืืจืฒึทื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืฒืœ. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืจื•ืžืฉืžืฒึทืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืกืขืก-ืื•ื ื™ืคืึทืจืžืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœืคืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉื’ืขื‘ืืงืขื ืข ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืฉื™ืก. 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจืขืžื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืฆื•ื ื›ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื’ืขืก ื’ืข 
ืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš-ืžืึธืกืจื™ื, ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืœืขืš, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืขืจื–ืืฅ:ืฐื•ืจืฉื˜ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืง-ื›ืืฐื™ื™ืจื™ื. 

ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืŸ ืืคึผืขืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจ-ืขืกืขืกืึทืฐืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืžืื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข, ืื– ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจืฒึท ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, 
ืื– ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืœืึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ืžื•ื™ืจืข 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืกืขืกืึทืฐืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœืคืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืืœืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ื’ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจื‘ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ, ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข 
ืงืึทืžืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜ -- ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜? 


24 


ืึธืฐืึทื“ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืคึผืขืœ ืžื™ืš ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: 

-- ืขืก ื ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขืคืขืœืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืคื˜ืขืœืข 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึทึผืืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืืจืึธืคึผ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื›ืžื•ืจืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืจื™ื ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืืจื“ืจื™" 
ืคึผืขื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขืœ, 

ื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื 
ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–ื“ื‘ืœืึธืง ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื 
ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธึทืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืงืจืื ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ึดื‘ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขืงืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื–ืข ืžืึธื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- ื ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืข. ืึทืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืงืจืื ืงืข ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ, ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืึดืคึผื™ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜-ืจื™ื•ื•. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฆึดื™ืœ 
ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜. 

ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉืœืึทื’ื™ืคึผืœืืฅ ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธื’ืŸื’ืขืฉืคึผืืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœืฐืฒึทื– ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืกื™ื. ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘. ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืจืฆื•. 

ืืฃ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืง-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืงืื–ืขืžืื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื– 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธื˜ืฉืขื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื•ื•ืืฉืขื ืข, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขืงืœื˜. ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•! ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึทืคึผืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืขื ื’- 
ืฉืืคื˜. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 


-- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื•ืŸ, -- ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื›ืืึธืก ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ื ืึธืŸ ื ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ, 
ืื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึท ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื›ืึทืœื™ืขืจืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืื›ืžืื ืก ื 
ืงื•ื™ืœ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜-ืจื™ื•. ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื™ื, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ืข ืืฃ ืื–ื ืฐืึธื’ืŸื’ืขืฉืคึผืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืจื ืข ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขื ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ ืคึผืึทื ืขื. 

-- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื™ื•ื–ื™ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืืœืข ื“ืึทื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืฆื•ื™ื™'ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืœืื’ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ื– ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข 
ืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืื ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผ. 


ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจื–? 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืฒื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’-ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืข, ืืœื‘ืื ื™ืข ืฆื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืค-ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืึทืœื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข? ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ื ืื™ื•ื•ืข ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜? 

ืืจื•ื ืคึผื™ื ืฃ ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึธืฃ-ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ;ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜", 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืœืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆืฐื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืื•ืคืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 


29 


ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืขืจื–ืืฅื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขืš- 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงื•ืจื•ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืฉื˜"ืžืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืขื›ืฅ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืืœื‘-ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืจื•ืงื–ืขืงืขืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืคืืจืŸ ืžืืจืฉ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืขืง. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืฐืึธืš, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืึธืจืขื. ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืืจืœืึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ืขื ืจืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจืงืจืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื ืœืึธืš. ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธึท ืื•ืฃ. ืžืข ืžืขืœื“ืขื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ. 

ืื™ืš ืกื˜ืืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื•ืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžืขืจืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืื–ื™ืจื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืจืื–ื™ืจ-ืžืขืกืขืจืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืึธืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืืงืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืก ืžื™ืœืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉ, ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืœืก ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื• ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜. 

ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื ืึธืš ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžืขืกืœืขืก ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื ื 
ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸื“ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผื™ืฆืข. ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื•ืจืขืžืœืขืšืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ืฉืžืึธืœืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ: ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืจื™ืคึผื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผื™ืฆืขืก, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืึธืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆืืจื™ืฉืข ืืœืคึผืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ- ืคึผื™ื™ื–ืื–ืฉ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืืฆื™ืข-ืœืื’ืขืจ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’- 
ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 
ื ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื‘ืืจืืงืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœื“ืจืึธื˜. 
ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื’ืขืจ ื ืฆืฐืฒืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขืŸ- 
ื“ืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืฒื ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืจ-ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. 

ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืจื ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื‘ืœืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. , ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ืืจืฒึทืŸ! 
ืฆื• ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’!" -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข. ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื -- ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื–. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื• ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉืจืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึธื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื™: , ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธ!" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืœ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื–ื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ. 

ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื“ืขื–ื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืขืจืึธื–ืึธืœื‘ืืœืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืื ื™ื˜ืืจ -- ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืคื™ืงืืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก. ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืฆึทืŸ 
ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืœื•ืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึธื“ืขื›ืฅ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ -- ื ืกืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืืฃ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืœื•ื ื’ืขืšืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื“, ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื•: 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืง, ืื– ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒึทื–, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•? -- ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื. 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื›ืืกืขื ืข!. 

ื”ืืœื‘-ื ืืกืข, ื”ืืœื‘-ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 


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ืงืืœื˜ืข ื‘ืืจืืงืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืืจืขืก, ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื, ืฆืขื“ืจื•ื™ื‘ืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืฃ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืจืืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ -- ื ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืงืขื˜-ื˜ืึธืจืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง. ืงืึทืœื–ืžืืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื˜ื•ืœื™ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืŸ -- ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ. ื“ืึธ, ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ื ืงืข, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื”ืขืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืฑืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืขืคึผื™ 
ื–ืึธื“ืŸ,. ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, 
ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืฃ-ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขื: ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืขื–ื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืจื˜. ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืื•ืคื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืšืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื - 
ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึทืœืฐืขืœืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜. ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. 

ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื˜ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกื ื”ืืคื˜ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง. ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœืขืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื™ื•ืคึผืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’. ืคื™ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืจืึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒึทื™ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื ืงืขื˜ืข. ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคืึทืจืžืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืข ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐืึธืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืฆืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ึทืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืืฃ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ ืืฒึทื ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข. 

ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ืš ืึธืกื™ืคึผ ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืคึผืฒึทืฐื•ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืึทึธืจ ืืคืื ื- 
ืกื™ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืึธื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืคึผืขืกื™ืข, ืึทืœืขื”ืืฉืึธืœืขื, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื ื ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื ื ื“ื™ืื˜ืœืึธื•ื•ื. ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกืืžืืจืข, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืฉืขื•: ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆืŸ 
ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ: ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1921, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก. ื•ื•ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ื•ื™ืขืจ... 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืกื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื’-ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืŸ- 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ,ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขืŸ". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืœื˜ืข, ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืืจืืงืขืก ืคืืœืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ืืก ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ 
ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจืฑืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ -- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฐืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืงืŸ ืืคึผืขืœ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ: ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืขืœ-ืฉืขืจืขื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืงื™ื›ืืฐืฒืจื™ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื™ื, ืคืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืžืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื“ืœืขืกื“ื™ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืขื ื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข. ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืืกื™ืจื™ื -- ื ืงืึท- 
ืžืื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœืื’ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื ื™ื™-ืฆื•ื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 


27 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธืคึผืขื˜ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืืงืขืจืŸ ื ื˜ืจืื ืฉื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ 
ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื. 

ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-ืคึผืื™ืึธืง -- ื ื’ืขืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ืงื•ื•ืข. ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื˜ื•ืกื- 
ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืฒึทื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื”ืขืœืžืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืืจืืงื™ื‘ืœืึธืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืึทืœ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื’ื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืขืก. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืึธืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืื™ 
ืœืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืขืกื˜ื• ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ. ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง -- 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืืจืืง ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ืข ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืืœ 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคื™ืจื˜ืข ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื™ื”ื•ืจื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ืžื™ืงืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื. ืžืข ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก ื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
,ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื‘ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธ!". 

ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื. ื•ื™ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืฒึทืš! ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืœืื’ืขืจ ,ืฉื˜ืืœืื’-326" ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ" 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฉื˜ื•ืงืขื ื‘ืจืึธืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 65 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ -- ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง-ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื. ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืจื• ืคื™ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืกื™ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก. 

ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืจืื•ื•ื“ื" ืคื•ืŸ 23 ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1989 ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืŸ ื™ืข. ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ืขืฐ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ: , ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข?..", ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: 

,ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืžื‘ืืกืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืคืืจ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ื›.-ื. ืฐืข- 
ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžื‘ืืกืื“ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ื™ื•. ื. ืงืฐื™ืฆื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ 
ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข , ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง' -- 53 ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืจืฆืข ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืขื ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืฑืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 339.671 ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข. 
ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข... 

ื›'ื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก. ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื ืฆื™ืคืข- 
ืจืึธื•ื•ื ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจื, ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ - 1924 -- 1944. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจื™ื›ืึธื“ืงืึธ ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจ -- 1925 -- 1944. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืฐื•ึผืจืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื’. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“: 
,ืึธื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง, ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ -- ืžื™ืจืึธื ืึธื•ื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจื ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜- 
ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ'. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข? ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืฐืขื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ". 

ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืคื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืืœืขื ืข ืึทืŸ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ื’ืฑืจืึธืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 


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ืคื•ืœืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 1942 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงืฐื•ึผืจืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ืื’ืขืฐื•, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœ-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืก:ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. 

ืคื™ืึธื“ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ 
ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื“ืข, ืฐื™ ื ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืœ 
ืจืื‘ื™-ืžืฒึทื›ืœ. ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื , ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ", ืฉืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข, ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืœืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื“ืืจืžืึธื™ืขื“". ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขืŸ ืื–ื ,ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ", ื–ืฉืืœืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ื™ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ. 

ื’ื•ื’ืœื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืคึผืึธืœืง-ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื–ื ืคึผืืจืื“ืึธืงืก, ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, 

ืžืข ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืืžืœืื’ืขืจ ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืจืฃ-ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจืืฉืขืก, ืืฐื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœืข ืฆื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืฉืืฐืขืจื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืกืขืจืฐืฐื•ืš 
ืคึผื•ืฉืงืขืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืคึผืขืฉื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขืฉืึธืจืกื™ื-ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื ืืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ืื ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜, ื™ืึธ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-ืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืข, ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืžืขืกืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื“ื•ืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื™ื’ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืšืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, | 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•: ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœ- 
ืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฆืข. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืขืœื ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืื˜ืฉื™ื™ืœืข, ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ,ืžืืจื•ื˜ืฉืงื" -- ืขืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฑื™ืขืŸื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืืจื•ืกืงื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื–ื•ืคึผืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธืจืฆื™ืขืก ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขืคืืฉืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืฒึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื ืคึทึผืึธืจ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ึดืงืŸ ืืคึผืขืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ,ืžืืจื•ื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ" ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจืืง, | 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืœ- 
ื•ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜. ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ:ืืคึผืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื˜ื•ืจ., ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘. ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒื™. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฆื• ืœืฑืคืŸ. ืžื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืฒืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ, ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืฆื•ื ืœืื’ืขืจ'ืฉืขืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ,ืืœื–ืึธ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. 

ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ืงืœื•ืžืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸืšืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ-ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš. ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก.- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื•ืกื˜ืื ืขืง, ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทืฉืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 


29 


ืืฃ ื ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“ 


ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืืจืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืึทืšืจืกืœืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ื™ืงืึธืจืคึผื•ืก -- ืคื™ืจืงืื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขื ืข ืฐืื’ืึธื ืขื˜ืงืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผื™ืฆืข. ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืืฐืึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืฆื™ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒื™ึท ืื™ื–, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคืืจืคืจื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธึทืžืื ื“ืข ื’ืขืคืื - 
ื’ืขื ืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืืจืขืก -- ืคืืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ -- ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื‘ืขื ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ืงืขืกืœ ื–ืคึผ, ื ื“ืจืึท- 
ื˜ืขื ืขื ืงื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืึทื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืขืฐืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’: 

-- ืื™ืฆื˜, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ. 

ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืœืขืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ืคืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืื•ื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืืจื˜ืฉ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื”ืึท- 
ืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื - 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืคื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืคืึธืจืžื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืกืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ, ื“ืจืฒึท -- ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืšืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก, ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื’ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผื™ืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ืžืืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจื™ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขื˜ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืืคื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฅ ื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืื’ืึธื ืขื˜ืงืขืก. 

ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคึผืขืจืขืš, 
ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืืจื™ืขืจ ื ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืฐืึธื˜ืฉื ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ, ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืขืคึผืขืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืฑื ืืคึผืืจ- 
ื ื™ืงืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขื›ืฒึทืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜" -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืœืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืจ ืžืื ื™ืจ 
ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ , ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜" ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืคืืจืฉืœืืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื˜ืึธื’-ืฆืฐืฒื™, ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืื’ื ืึธื–: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ. 
ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืœืข ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืœืืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 


ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ.. 


ื“ืขื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ืคืขืงืฆื™ืขืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืฃ ื ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก, ื™ืึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 


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ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-ืคึผืึทืจืฆื™ืข. ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ืกืœืึธืฆื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืืจืขืก. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื“ืจืืคึผืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื”ืืจื‘ืขืจ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ-ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืœื˜ืข ื‘ืืจื" 
ืงืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืฑื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืงืจืื ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืข 
ืกื•ื™ืœืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข-ืžืขืงืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆึทื• 
ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืขืคึผืœ ืงืึธืœืจืื‘ื™. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ืคึผืœืืกื˜ื™ื ืงืข, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžืขืจ. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืœืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื– ืึธืคึผื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ 
ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืกื˜ื™ื ืงืข -- ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื˜'ื ื•ืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ -- ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ืึธืœื™ืื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœืึทื ื˜ืฉืขื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒ ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื•, ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื‘ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึทืœื˜. ืžืืœืฆืขื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืœืฒึทืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืก ื 
ืจืื–ื™ืจ-ืžืขืกืขืจืœ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ื™ื ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘'ืคึผืึทืจืฆื™ืข ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’ืขืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-ืคึผืึทืจืฆื™ืข ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืึทืจืฆื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืŸ -- ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืขืกืŸ. ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื‘ืืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงืึธืœื“ืจืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืขืœ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขืคึผ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื• ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืขืกืขืœืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฆืข. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฐื•ื•ืงืกื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืœื“ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜, 
ื! ืžืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืงืขืกืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื -- ื‘ืืœืึธื ื™ื ืืฃ ืฐืึทืœืฐืขืœืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜. ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘-ืืคึผืขืœ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื- 
ืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ-ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ื’ืœื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืขืงืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข -- ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืง 
ืžืืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก -- ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“:ื‘ืืฆื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขื ืกื ืข-ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ืฐื•ึผื ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืฉืขืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ืœื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ , ืืœื–ืึธ'. ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืœืื’ืขืจ-ืฉืขืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ืืจื•ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขื›ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื–ื™ืŸ, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ. 

ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜. ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื•ืจื‘ืขืก. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, -- ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ ืืคืŸ 
ืฆื™ื’ืœ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื ืฉืœืื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืœืืฉื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื 
ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’, ื‘ืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ. 

ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜, ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ. ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœื™- 
ื“ืขืจื”ืื•ื–ืขืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืคึผืœื™ื“ืขืจืŸ'), ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ึทืขืœ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืœื ืข ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกืขืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืจืขื-:ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


1 


ื’ืื‘ืขืœ-ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฉื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืืœืื˜ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธืฐืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจ ื ืงื•ืง ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืข. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง" 
ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืืจืขืก (ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ื- 
ื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ), ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืคืจื™ืฉ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืขืกืขื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื ืข ื‘ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธืœืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก. ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื ื˜ืจื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืื ื“, ื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืกื™ืจื™ื -- ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืึธึทืกืœืืฐื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืื ื“ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. 


ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ื ืงืขืกืœ ื”ืฒืกืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผ, ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืข 
ืฉื™ืกืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืคืœ, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืกืขืœืข ื–ื•ืคึผ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืึธื ื”ืึทื“ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืจืขืื’ื™ืจื˜. 


ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจื•ืžืœ ืื”ืขืจ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื˜, ื ืคื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ืฆื•ืจืข. ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืœืข, ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ,ื™ื". ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ,ื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืขืงืกื˜ืจืข ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื›ืืœืื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื ืงื•ืง 
ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื•ื ื’. ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืื™ื ื™ืขืงืฆื™ืข 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืึทื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’. 


ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ืก ื ืœืื ื“ืกืžืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขืคืจืขืžืึทืฐืึธ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืœืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืžืขืก ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. 

ื“ืึธ, ืืฃ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืขืจื“ื™ืงื˜, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจืึธื’ืึทื–ืฉืข, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื. 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืขืคืขืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืขืš.. 


ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™" 
ื ืขืจ -- ื ืกื•ื˜ื•ืœืขืจ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–ืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“:ืฆืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ืœืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืื–ื’ืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคึผื ืขืฐื•ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืืžืขืจืก. 


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ืขื› ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ-ืืฑื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื– 
ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืืœ, ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ ืคื™ืœืงืขืคึผื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื“ืจืขืก. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืš-ื‘ืืฐืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ืืžืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคืฉืคึผื™ื–ื™ืงืข 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื’ืึธืคึผืœืขืŸ, ื”ืฒื’ืึธืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืฒึทืขืจ-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆื•ืืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื–ืื’ืึธื˜ืึธืฐื•ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืข, ืื™ืกื™ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืกื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืืœ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืข. ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข, ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธื•ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืขื›ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืžืืœ 
ืฆืขื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ึดืึธื ืืœ-ื˜ืึธืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ื- 
ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขืš, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ืื’ืึธื ืขื˜ืงืขืก, ืฆื• ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ืฆืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืงืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืืงืŸ. 

ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืคึผืึธืฐืึธื˜ืฉื ืข ืฆืขืš. ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื“ื•ืฉื ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืคืึธื ืคืขื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืงืืจืœ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; ื ื ืืคืงืขืžื™ื ืข, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื–. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื ืคืขืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืงืืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธื’ืขื“ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื™ื 
ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข ,ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜. ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืงื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจืฒึทื–ื˜. , ื›ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ", ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื. 

ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ืงืืจืœืก ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืš ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืœ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื“ืขื˜ืืœืŸ. ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืจืขืจืœืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก" 
ื ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื ืฆื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืืงื•ืจืื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื“ืขื ืคืึธื ืคืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข ื”ืขืจ ืงืืจืœ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืš 
ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆึทืŸ 
ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืกื›ืืจ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืืœืขืฐืขื˜. ืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธืœืฅื“ืฉื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืึธื ืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ืžื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืกืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืกืžืืœื™ืขื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฆืขื˜ื™ืœืขืšื’ืื–. ื“ื™ ื›ืืฐื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ ืฆืขืš 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื•ืžื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ืงืึทืœืึธื“ืงืขืก ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืกืœืคึผื™ืงืœ ื‘ืื ื‘ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืก, , ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ-ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ", ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ืขืจ. ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ื ืืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก. ื“ื™ ื–ืืœืฅ ืคืœืขื’ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขืžื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข, ื ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ืขืจื–ืืฅื“ืœืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื”ืึทืœืฅืคึผืึทื™ 
ื“ืขืฉื•ื•ืขืก. 

ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ืคืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืœืจืื‘ื™-ืกื•ืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, ืคืืจื–ื•ืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทืงืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืข ืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงืขืœืข ื“ืขื ืงืึธืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืขืžืขืจืก. ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืืฃ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ืึทื’-ืืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืึธื’ื™ืืฑืก. 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืœื™ืข, ื›ืื–ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 


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ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข, ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก 
ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขื˜ืข, ื“ืจืึธื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ -- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืœื™ื•ืœืงืข. ื–ื•ืžืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืžืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืึทื ืึธืฐื•ืงืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืžืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืœ, ื”ืืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื–ื™ืžื™ืจืก ื’ื•ื˜ ืืœืก ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ- 
ืกืึธื“ืฆื™ื›ื˜ืœืขืจ, ืจื™ื ื™ืงืŸ, ืืจื•ืžืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืœืขืš, ืžืื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืฉืขืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืฒึทืข ืกืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึทืกื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืคึผืฑื™ืขืจื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ืงืจืขื ืฆืœืขืš, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืฃ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืŸ, ืกืึธื“-ืฉืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™-ืงืจืขื ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ"- 
ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืžืขืก ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืขืฅ ืงืื–ื™ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ. ื’ืจืื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืœ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื 
ืกืึธื“ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ: 

--- ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืžืขืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง? 

-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืื’ืข ืืฃ ื ืคืจืื’ืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก? 

-- ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื˜ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. 

ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื–ืึธื’ ื ืงืœื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืึธืœ. 

-- ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ื“ืึธ... 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืŸ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ืงื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื”ื™ื–, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืขื˜ื•ืคึผืœ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืจืืก:ื”ืืงืึธืฐืขื“. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜, ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื™ืขืจ -- ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง ืžื™ืš ื ืฐื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 
.20072806008 1666 0ืชืฉ ื’ืขื”ืขืงื’328 {ืฐ:ื’! 10ืฅ88? ื–ื• ,ื–ืขื•ืžืชื’ื ,ืžืฆื’ื”ื— 116 - (,ืฐื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืืฉืข ืคืืจืงืึธื›ื˜, ืื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืกื˜ืฒึทืขืŸ..). 

ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื™ืฉืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจ. ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื”ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื”ื™ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ'" 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

...ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื‘ืงืขืœืข ื“ืขืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืึธืงืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ืขืก 
ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืกืŸ... ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ืืจืขืก. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจืข, 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืึธืฐื•ืขืกืžื -- ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขื›ืึธื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ, ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง 


ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืœื™ืื–ื’ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืงื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“-ืฆืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐื™ื™ืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืฒึทืขืจ:ืื•ื™ืฐื ืก, ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ื˜ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืขืก. ื”ืืœื‘ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืขืกืœ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืงืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื• 
ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืง ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืจืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ:ื’ืจืฑืคึผืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืคืขื˜ืก, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืงืขื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทื›ืœ, ืคืจืื• ืงืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืœืขื”ืฒืคึผืขืš 
ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึทื’ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ 


4 


ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืงื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ืึธืŸ ื‘ื•ืฉืข, ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืืง. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง-ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ื“ืขื ืงืขืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข, ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืคึผ, ืึธืŸ ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืขื˜ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืคึผืืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืจืื‘ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืง ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, 
ืืœืข ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ื ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืกื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 

ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืงืึทื ื“ืจืืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืกืขื“ืึทื™', ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืึธืฐืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืข. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก 
ืึธืคึผืึธืœื˜ืฉืขื ืขืฅ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืืฐื•ื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆืฑื’ื ืงืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืงืื“ืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจ. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึทืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉ: 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ืคืึธืจ, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืื ื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“-ืฆืขืš, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืžืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฑืกืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธื’ืึธื–ืฉืขืก, ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืื ืึธื•ืŸ. 

-- ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ืกืขื“ืึธื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื• ื‘ืึธืœืกื•ืŸ, -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ, 
ื ื™ืื˜ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืืกื˜ื™ืึธืจืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืฅ- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ืงืืกื˜ืŸ. ืืฃ ื‘ืึธืœืกื•ื ืก ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒ. 

-- ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš, ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ึน, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขืกืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืš- 
ืฆืขืš. ื“ืขื ืงืขืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืืฐืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืื ื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื“ืœืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืฉืฒึทื–ืข!". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื“ืฆืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื ืึธืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืึธืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืžืคึผืึธื–ืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื ืืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืืžืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืื–ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื. ื“ืืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืคื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืœืข ืึทื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืžืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข, ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขืคึผ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื“ืึท ืคืึธืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืขืกืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. 

ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืขื›ืึทืœื™ืขื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืืžื–ื•ื™ืœ-ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ื’ืื“ืœืขืกื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื‘ืจื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขืŸ- 
ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืœื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ,ื™ื", ืคืœื™ื ืง ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขืš. 

ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ืข- 
ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก, ื‘ื™ื– ื›ืืœืึธืฉืขืก. ืขืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืคึผืืจื ื™ืงืขืก 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืจืื™ื. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืฆืขืงืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ืฆืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื‘ืืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื 
ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืกืื‘ืึธื˜ืื–ืฉ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื“ืฐื•ื™ื’ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืก ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืฐืขืœืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจื˜ืฉ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจืข ืžืืคึผืึธืœืขืก ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืžืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืื“ืจืึธืฐืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื“ืึธื•ื•ืื ืขืฅ, ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื‘ืื ืคื™ื•ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“, ืคืœืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 


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ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขื ืกื ืข-ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื›ืึทืœื™ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœ- 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืขืกืขืก-ืื•ื ื™ืคืึธืจื, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืื™ื–, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜. ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืคึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง-ืงืขืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื 
ืกืืš ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ. ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืจืืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืš ืฆื• ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื’ืจืื ืคืขืจื“ืŸ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ืฆืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืืŸ ืกืฒึท ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืคึผืจืึทืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ 
ื˜ืขืžืคึผื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ืฉืื“ืขื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข. ืื–ื ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื• 
ืžืืจื˜ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืืžืคึผืšืฆืขืš, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื–, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธืฐื•, ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง-ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜: 

-- ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืจืึธืฉื˜ืึธ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ! 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึทื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ,ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืžืœืกื˜ื• ืื–ื•ื™,. ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉืขืก, ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื›ืึธืจืึธื ืงืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ". ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืึทื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืš ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืืคืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ื’ืจืื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜: 

-- ืจืึธืกื˜ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ. 

-- ื™ื, ื™ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื•ืจืžืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜. 


ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืฉื›ื™ื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ื‘ืืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉื˜ืื ืžืืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื–ืขืฃ ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆืฐืฒื™ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก: 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ -- ืืœืก ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืืจื™ -- ืืœืก ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืข -- ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ื ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืืžืขืฉ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืกืืจื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒืฒืขืจืข, 
ืคืจืื• ืžืืจื™, ืคืœืขื’ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข, ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขื 
ื›ึผืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืฑืกืžืฒึทืกื˜ืจืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ:ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงืื˜ื•ืœืงืขืœืข, ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื ืœืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืืžืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ืจืฒื™ื›ืขืจืŸ. ืึธ, 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืื™ื– ืคืจืื• ืžืืจื™ 
ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืขืกื ื•ื•ืืจื’. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื’ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ ืคึผืœื™ื•ื“ืขืจื”ืื•ื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฉืข. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืฐืึทื™ึธืจืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืกื• ืืฃ ื ืื›ื˜- 
ืœืขื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืืจืกืื›ืืงืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจื˜. 

ืคืืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ืื™ืึธืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืืฉื˜ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ืคื™ืœื™ืžืึธื ืึธื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ืขื•ืฐื•ืข ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขืจ, ื ืึทืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื‘ืืจื“ืืก, ืคืืจืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื•ืื ื™ืข ืฐื™ืกืึธืฆืงื™, ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืžืŸ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืœืืคึผืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืื– ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ื ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืขื™ึดืง ืคืืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืงืจื™ื’, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื ืœืขืš ืงืืจื˜ืื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืขืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื–ืฉื™ื“', ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 

ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฆื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ: 

-- ืคืืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืœื™ืึธืฉืข, ื–ืฒึท ืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืจืฐืขื–! 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. 


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ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึธืจ ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ 
ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึท- 
ืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืจืื•ื•ืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜:ืฆื™ืœ -- ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ืึธืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื• ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึทืœืฒึท ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื•, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆึทืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื’ืจืื“ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืืฑืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืืจื˜, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื‘ืืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,,ื–ืฉื™ื“", ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืึทื’ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืฒื™ึทืงื™ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“-ืฆืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื ื›ืฉืื“, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. 

ืื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ, ืืœืก ืจื•ืก, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื' 
ืžืึธืงืœืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ืœืขื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข, ืื™ื– 
ืžืืœืฆืขื•ื•' ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท -- ืคึผืืฐืขืœ. ืคึผืืฐืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ืŸ, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจืขื ืข ืึธืกืึธื‘ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฅืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ื 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงืื’ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืืฃ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืืœืก ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ืืจื™ื™ืข , ืงืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืขืก" -- ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืจืืงืขื˜ืŸ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืกืœืึธืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจืืงืขื˜ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื•ืž- 
ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืขืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึธื ื˜-ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืกืึธื‘ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื. 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืœืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื ื™ืšืึธืจื“ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืขืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืจืื ื“ ื‘ื ื ื“ืขืจืคืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืื–ืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื’ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื™ืขืš, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืจืขืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื–ื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืื™ืงืึธื. 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก -- ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื•ื•ืืกื ื“ืžื™ื˜ืจื™ืขื•ื•- 
ื ื, ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข, ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืื™ืงืึธื ืืฃ ืื•ืจืืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืืฐื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ื–ืืฐืึธื“ ืืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธื‘ื™ืขืง- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึดืขืœ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืกืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื–- 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืฐืึธื“ืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืžืืœืฆืขื•ืก 
(ืคึผืื•ื•ืขืœืก) ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜, ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ: ,ืกืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืจืคืœ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืึทื ืขืจืŸ-ืกืœืขื“ืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ". 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืงื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืคืืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฐืขื’ -- ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจืก -- ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืขืกืžื, ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ืขืจ ืึธืกืึธื‘ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืคืื•ื•ืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื‘ืฒึทื ืขืจ-ืกื˜ืื›ืื ืึทืฐืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืฉื•ืœื™ืžืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ื‘ื™ืจืกืง, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื“ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืื›ื•ื•ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜. 


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ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืขืจ 


ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื“ื™ืฆืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึทืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืก ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื“ืฐื™ื’ืกื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ึทืขืœืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–. 

ื“ื™ ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ืงืึธื  
ืฐืึธื™ึธืจืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื›ืŸ, 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืจืฑื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจืฉืœืึทื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง. ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทื˜ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื”ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืื ื™ืข, ืฐื™ ืืฑืกืœืึธื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืงืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึธืจืžืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืขื ืžืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึทืœืขื ืข ืœืฒึทืกื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ืืจื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื“ืฐื•ื™ื’ืกื‘ื•ืจื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข. ืžื™ืš ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืึธืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืขืก, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื - 
ืฐืึทื™ึดืจืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืœืขืง ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืืฐื˜ืึทื’ืขืšืืคึผืืจืื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืืœื˜. ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืžืืœื›ืื‘ืึทืœืขื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืก 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื›ืฒึทื™ึทืฉืข ืฆื•ืจืขืก. 

ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืจื’ืœืึทื–ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืคึผืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื™ืข ืฐื™ืกืึทืฆืงื™. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืžืขืงืื ืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืึธืคืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืก. 
ื˜ืืคึผืึทื™ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืืจื™ืฉืขื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ: 

-- ื–ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ืงืขื˜ืขืก. ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ืกืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’-ืืฃ-ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ? ืฐื™ืกืึทืฆืงื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืฃ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืข 
ื“ืื ืง. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธื’ืขื“ื‘ืจืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึทืฃ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ื•... 

ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงืŸ. ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืื™ืš ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ืื ืงืขื˜ืข -- ืืœืฅ, ืืœืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื›ื. 
ื–ืขืจืŸ. ื›'ืคืืจื’ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืฅ -- 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฉืขืฃ-ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื™ื–ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ื™ึธื“. ื›'ื˜ื• ื ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึทื˜ืงืข ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ืืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืจื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืืฑื˜ืึธื’ืขืŸื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ. ื›'ื‘ืืžืขืจืง, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคึผืืœื™ืขื˜. ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ.. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก-ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜... ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืึธืฐื•ืŸ. ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธืฐืฆืขืก. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืœืขืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื ื›ื ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืข 
ื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืคึผืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื ืงืขื˜ืขืก... ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื•ื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืœืื’ืขืจ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ืคืืก. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธื’ืขืŸ-ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข. 
ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจ ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืงืขื˜ืข, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืฉืขื•ื•, ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืกืืžืืจืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ื• ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืึทืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜. ื–ืขื˜ ืืฑืก, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธืฐื•ืฆืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืœืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืฑื”ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ืžื™ืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ื“ื™ 
ืœืื ื’ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš. ื‘ื™ื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ื“ 
ืงืึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, 


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ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืืœื ืคืืœืก -- ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืขื˜ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืึธืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืฒึทื’ืขื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืขืกืขืกื™ืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. ื•ื•ืื ื™ืข ืฐื™ืกืึทืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื' 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืคึผืฑืงื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื”ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืงืข, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืืœืขืงืกื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฐืฒื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš: 

-- ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื™ึทืขืกืข ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ 
ืืฃ ืฐื™ืกืึทืฆืงื™ืŸ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื•ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืจืขืง. 

-- ื›ื•ืœื™ื’ืื ืขืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, -- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ื ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืžืขื ื•ึผืฐื•ืึตืœื™ื, ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš! 

ืื™ืš, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœ, ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒ 
ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืข 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜... ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉ... ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคื™ืฉืขืœืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ื˜ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืฒึทืŸ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจืขืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื“ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื“ ืœืึธืงืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื‘ื ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืึธืจื˜: ,ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฐืจืึธื-ืึทืฐื™ื ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœืข". ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืืฐืจืึธื ืึทืฐื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš -- ืืœืข ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ืคึผืืกืŸ, ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข 
ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขื’ื ื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืึธื“-ืœืึทืงืืœ, ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืืœ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืืง 
ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืฐืขืกืžื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 

ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืฉ- 
ืงืึธืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ึทื ื’ืื ื’-ื˜ื™ืจ, ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื’ืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ' 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืืŸ ืืœื™ืืจื. 


ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืจืืคึผืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืฃ 
ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืืจืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืคืŸ ืคึผืึท 
ื•ื•ืขืกืžื. ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืฑืขืจืŸ, ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึธืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืคืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืืจื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ -- 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœืขืš, ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ืื˜ืœ ื ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืคืืจื“ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืจืฒึทืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืงืึธืฐืขืจ ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืืฑืกืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื’ืื ืฅ 
,ืฉื™ืจ'ื”ืืฉื™ืจื™ื", ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืกืœ ืฉื•ื™ื›ืขื˜, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื“ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืืก ื‘ืืจืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืขืก ืžืฑื™ืขืœ (ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ). ืจืขื‘ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืึทื–ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื ื’ืข 
ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืจืื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืงื™ื“ืขืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืžืขื“ืจืึทืฉื™ื. 

ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืœืข ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืŸ ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืœืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื›ื•ืžืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทื–, ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืื ืฆื˜ืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก, ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœืืžื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื–ื™ื ืงืึทืฐืขืจ ื›ืึธืกื™ื“, ืฐื•ืขืžืขื ืก 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึธืจืงืฑื“ืขืฉ, ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืืฃ ื ืกื™ื -- ืืฃ ื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืกื•ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื™ื ืฐืืจื’, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 


9 


ืจืขื‘ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืคืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ -- ืฐื™ ื 
ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกืฉืœืฒึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึทืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ืข, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜, ืฉืฒึทื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ 
ื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืœืขืงืขืš-ืื•ืŸ-ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื™ื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืกืขืจื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืจืš-ืฆื™ืžืขืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืœื•ื’ืข, ื‘ืื–ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ื“ืจืึทืฉืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืึธื›ื™ื ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื‘ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ืจืึธื–ืขื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 
ื•ืขืจืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืขื›ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืืกื ืึธึทื“ืึธืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 1943 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื›ืœืขื›ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืงืจืืคื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื›ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ -- 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจื™ื, ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึทื ืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื•ืื ื’ืกื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืฒืœืžืึธืœ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืขื–ืขื, ืื•ื™ืกืจืืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื• ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคืขื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื ื‘ืืืžื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืคืจืึธื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื’ืื‘ืขืœื™ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. 

ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืืœืขื ืข ืคึผืจืขื ื˜ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ ืืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืžืึท 
ื’ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ. ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื. 

ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืคื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื™ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืจืขื-ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืขื ืขืจ 
ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง, ื ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ ื ื”ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก, ืืœืข ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ืข, ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืœื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืืจืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. 

ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืื”ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก, ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธื’ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื‘ืœื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืขืžื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืจืŸ ืคืจืื• ืžืืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขื’ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืœื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. ืคืจืื• ืžืืจื™ื ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ื ืจื™ืคื˜ืขืœืข ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื•ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ืข ื˜ืฒ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืืœื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืขืคึผืขืœืข. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 

-- ื“ื–ื™ืื ืงื•ื™ื•, ืคึผืื ื™. 

ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืื›ืžืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืึธื‘ืœื™ื’ืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“. 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: -- ืืœื–ืึธ, ืžืึธืจื’ืขืŸ, ืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ืขืŸ! 

ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืงืจืื™. 
ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ, ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืฆืขืš, 


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ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืขื“. ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืึธืก. ืคืืจื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืฆืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฒื’ืึธืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื‘ืœื™ืขืก; ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“ืก ืคืจื•ื™ -- ืืœืก ื ื‘ืื”ื™ืœืคื™ืงืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืคึผื™ืจ- 
ืฆืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืืฃ ืืœืขืžืขื ืก ื”ืื–ืฉ 
ื’ืึทื›ืข. ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ืจืขื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืืฃ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืงืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขืšืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“-ืฆืขืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึทืœืคืขื ืขื ืฆื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื•ื ื’. 

ื ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ -- ื ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘-ืฆืขืš, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœ 
ืคืืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืฆืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืฉืื“ืขื˜ืข ืงืขืค. ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผืึทืจืคืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืื˜ืœ-- ื“ืขื 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ืึธืœ. ื’ืขื ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืกืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืœืขืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจืื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื, ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜-ืฆื•, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืœืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึทืคืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจ 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ื›ืืฐืขืจืœ, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. 

-- ื’ืื ืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงื, -- ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 1938 ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืื›ื˜ืข-ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืึธืฉื™ืœืึธืฐ- 
ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืกืึธืจืึธืงื™ื ืึธ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืื›ื˜ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ึทืขืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืืกื ืึทื“ืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืข ืึธืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ-ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืขืจ. 

ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ. 

-- ื“ื™ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, -- ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
,ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ื". ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ืœื™ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ. 

ื“ืขื 7 ื ืึธึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1942, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงื, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜"ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ืœืขืจ, ืœืขืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ืงื™ื˜ ื 
ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืคึผืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึทื ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืคืœืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื›ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื™ืกืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒึทืขืŸืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืึธึทื ื˜ืจืขืคื• ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“. 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื™ืง 
ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ืื ื’-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึทื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงืืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืงื•ืคึผื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืจื“ -- ื ื’ืจื•ืก. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืžื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืง- 
ืจืื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึทื ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธื ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™, 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“. ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืฉื˜ืขืงื ืก, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ืœืื ื’ืข ืฉืึธืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ืืคึผืืจืื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึทืคึผื’ืฅ 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ืขืจืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืงืก. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืก ืงืจืื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื›ืงืจืืคื˜ ื’ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ -- ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื“ืึธื˜ืฉืงื. ื ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืื˜ืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืืกื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืง". ืžื™ืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืจืืกื ืึธื“ืึธืŸ. 

(ืกืึทืฃ ืงื•ืžื˜' 


*2ื’ืขื™ืœืคืืฒื™ืœื ืŸ 
ื’ืขื™ื“ื™ืข:ื ื”-ื™ื“ื™ื–ืขื˜ื’ืขืฉ 


ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืฒืฃ 
(1904 -- 1966) 


ื ืจืึธืžืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืื›ื˜ 


ืคึผืึทืขืžืข 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืคึผืฑื™ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืจื•ื™ึทืง, ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืžืœืขืŸ, 
ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜. 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื˜, ืคื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืคืŸ ืฉืฐืขืœ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ! ื˜ืืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ, 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืœืขืงืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžื‘ืข, ืžืืžื–ื™ื™ืจื™ืžืœืขืš ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืข! 
ืคืฒึทืคื™ืึธืœืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, 

ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก ืžืขืฉืขื ืข, 

ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืœืขื‘ื™ื™ืขืŸ, 


12 


ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ, 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ. 


ื ื•, ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืืžืคึผืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืจืฒึทืข, 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืืžืคึผืขืจืŸ 

ืื™ืš ื ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ. 


ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืœืฉืขื•ืขืŸ, - 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ืŸ! 

ืฐื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ! 


ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, 

ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’! 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒ -- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ื˜ื™ืคืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ืืฉื™ื™ืคืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืจืึธืคึผืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ -- 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 

ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืืกืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืกื˜ื. 


ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, 
ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ! 
ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึธ. 


ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ! ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืื’ืึธื˜ -- 
ืึธ, ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืกืึทืœืึธ! 

ื ืขื ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืข , ืคืื•ืกื˜", 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืœืข -- ืืœืœืึธ!.. 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืืœืืฅ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืžืืจื’ืืจื™ื˜ืข, ืžืืจื’ืืจื™ื˜ืข, 

ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข? 


ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ืงื•ืง ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข. 


ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื“ืœ-ืคืจืฒึทืœืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืš ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืžืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข, -- 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื˜ืขืจ. 


ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, 
ื ืคืขืœื“ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืืŸ: 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ, ืžืืจื’ืืจื™ื˜ืข, 
ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืื“ืขืกืคึผืืŸ!.. 


ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืกืžื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฒึทืฃ 
ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ื“ื™ืŸ-ื“ื™ืŸ-ื“ื™ื ืข, 


ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข. 


ื”ื™ื™, ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, -- 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง-ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ! 

ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜. 


ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืšื“ื”ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืคืืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืœ, 

ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืœ -- ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ, ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ, ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืš -- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ื ืงืื“ืจื™ืœ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ... 


ื ืžื™ืจืžืœื ืขืจ, ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจืื“ื™ืึธืฐืึธืœืงืŸ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึธืœ ื ืจืขื“ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜. 


ืื™ื– ืื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’, ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื 
ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜. 


ืืœืœืึธ, ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’! 
ืืœืœืึท, ืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ: 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึธืฐืฉืึทืฐืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ". 


ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืœ, ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ, ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึธืคึผืฉืฒ! 

ืืคืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ 

ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉืฒึทืŸ! 


ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ื”ื•ื“ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก, ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ. 
ื‘ืึธืฐืฉืึธืฐืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืืขืกื˜ืจื, 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื ืงืœ. 


ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืคึผื™ื•ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ! 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ, ื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ! 

ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืข , ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ" 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžื–ืข.. 


ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจ, 

ื ื‘ืœืื ืงืข ื ืึธื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื–ืข 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืึธ" ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ , ืกื™" 
ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข: 
ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืจืขืœืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืงืกื™ื‘ 
ื–ืืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืขืฉืŸ. 


ืึท, ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืงืขืกื˜ืืŸ, 
ืคืฒึทืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ... 


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ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืงืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจืืงื•ื 
ื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ, 
ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ืงืขืžืœืขืŸ-ื”ืขืœื“ื–ืขืจ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืื ืกืง ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข 

ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 

ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืก. 


ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื’ืŸ, -- 
ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ืจืืกื™ื™ื, 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 


ื‘ื ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืืœื˜ืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 

ื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸืึธื ืฆื•ื’ืŸ, 

ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืข ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึทื™ืฆื•ื’ืŸ. 


ืก'ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, 

ื ื‘ืœืื ืงืข ื ืึธื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื–ืฅ 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ืคึผื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื“ืึธ' ื‘ื™ื– ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ , ืกื™" 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืŸ: 
ืืจืฅ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’, ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื ืขืก ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš! 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ... 


ื ืงืœืืค ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ... 

ื ืึทื›ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ. 

ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืจื˜? 

ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ?! 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ: 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืœืืคึผื˜? ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื–? 

ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ? 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ? 
(ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ) 

ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
{ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ). 


ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืŸ, -- 

ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ, 

ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืœื“!.. 
(ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ), 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืœืขืจื™ื ืข, -- 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื• ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ: 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืฆื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข. 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืืง ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ.. 

ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืœื“ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸืœ! 


ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจืก, ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืืจื“ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ืคึผืขืœืขืจื™ื ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ืึธืฐื•ื ืข ื‘ืืงืขื ื‘ืืจื“ืŸ? 


ืืš, ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ? ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜! ื–ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜! 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข, 

ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, 

ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืจื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืจืขื’ืข. 


ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 

ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜... 


ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืจื˜ -- 

ื ืฐืึธืœืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ. 


ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ! 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ. 
ืžืื“ืขืจื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ? ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืŸ, 
ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜, ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. 


ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืš, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš, 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืขื“, 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืš! 


ื ื•, ื“ืขื, ืขืžืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคื™ื ืื ืกืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ, 
ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืจืึธืžืื ืกืŸ. 


ื ืึธืจ, ื ื™ืฉืงืึทืฉืข, ืคืืจ ื ื’ืืกื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ืืœืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืขืŸ. 


ืคึผืฒึทืงืขืœืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืก! 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืงืขืœืข, ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ - 

ื˜ืขื˜- ื˜ืขื˜. 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืงืขืœืข, ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜ -- ื˜ืขื˜- ื˜ืขื˜. 
ืคืื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ , ืกื™"! 


ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืขื ื–ื™ืš, ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, 
ื ื•, ื ื•, ื ื•, ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, ืžืขืจืกื™! ืžืขืจื›ื™! 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜? 

ื ื™ืฉืงืึธืฉืข, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 

ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื›ื™ืœืข, 

ืึธ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ 

(ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจื ืฐืึธืจื˜!) -- 

ื›'ืฐืขืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืึธืœืขื ืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื•ื•ื™ืœืข... 


ืืš, ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื™ืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ? 


-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ? 


ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผ ืขื ื–ืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ - 


ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ! 


ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ -- 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืจืขื ืขืŸ! 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื ืืฒึทืš, 
ื“ื•ืœืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, 

ืคึผืขื ื–ืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื›ืืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ! 


ื ื•ื! ื‘ื•ื! -- ื‘ืึธื›ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืงืŸ - 
ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื–ื ืžืฒึทืกืข? 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืจื“ื™ืขืก ืฐืฒึทืกืข... 


ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืึธืจ, ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื’ืึธืจ, -- 
ืงื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, -- 

ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืฉ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ? 


ืื™ืš ืฐื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, 
ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึธ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, 

ืื™ืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืืœืข ื ืื›ื˜, 
ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜. 


ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื•ืฐื™ื™, 
ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืœืข ื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ, 

ืฉื ืขืœ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 
ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ. 


ืื•ืŸ, ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึธ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ืจืข, 
ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืœืืง 
ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ. 


ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ, 


ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, -- 
ืึธ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืืง ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืขื˜ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’. 
ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ืŸ? ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ?! 
ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ. 


ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ืงืขืงืก, 


ืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, , ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข" 


ืคื™ื“ืœ-ื“ืข-ืงืึธื˜ืงืข, ื˜ืขืงืก!.. 


ืคื™ื“ืœ-ื“ืข-ืงืึธื˜ืงืข, ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืฐืฒื–ืก -ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ. 


ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืืš, ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืกื™ื ืง ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข 
ืจื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ืŸ. 


ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืกืœ ื˜ื™ื ื˜, 

ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื• ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก - 
ืืŸ ืื•ืจืื’ืืŸ! ื ื•ื™ื ื˜! 


ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจืขื 
ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœืข ืงืื ืข, 

ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืก 
ืฉืคึผืึธื’ืœื™ืจืฑื˜ืข ื“ืจืืžืขืก. 


ื‘ืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ, 
ื›ืึทืจื›ืœืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจืŸ 
ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 


ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืืŸ, 
ืคืึธื›ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืึธื–ื˜ื™ื›ืœ -- 
ืคึผื˜ื™ ืžืื“ืขืคึผืืœืืŸ. 


ืœื™ืจื™ืง ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ? ื”ืึธืคึผ, ื ื™ืื. 
ืขืคึผื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ? ื”ืึธืคึฟ, 
ืื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ืจื ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืขืก! 
ืคึผืขื˜ื™ื™ืžืขื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ, 
ื’ืขื ื“ื–ื“ืฉืžืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืก. 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ 

ื ืจืึธืžืื ืก ื ืคืื‘ืจื™ื˜ืฉื ืขื? 
ืจื•ื™ืง, ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ, 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืง: 


19 


10 


ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืึธื’. 
ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง. 
ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื‘ืงืขืก, ื”ื•ื™ืจื!" 


,ืคืฒึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืกืŸ, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ ื’ืืกืŸ. 
ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื‘ืงืขืก, ื”ื•ื™ืจื!" 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ 

ื ืจืึธืžืื ืก ื ืงืึธืœื›ืึธื–ื ืขื? 

ืจื•ื™ืง, ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื›'ื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื! 


ืื•ื™, โ€ ืขืจื“ืขืœืข, ืขืจื“ืขืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืจืึธื ื“ืงืขืก ื ืฒึทืข, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืจ ื ืคื•ื™ืขืจืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืžืขื›ืฒึทืข. 
ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื‘ืงืขืก, ื”ื•ื™ืจื!" 


,ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืŸ, 
ืจืขื“ืขืœืขืš ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ: 
ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืœืืžืฆืขื“ืจื, ืฆื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื‘ืื‘ืงืขืก, ื”ื•ื™ืจื!" 


ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, -- 
ืืš, ืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ! 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืกื™ื ืง ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืขืฅ 

ืจื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, 


ื˜ืื ืฆื˜ ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ, -- 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ. 


ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ? 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข! 

ืื•ื™, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ 

ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืืง ืคืืจืคืœื™ืฆืŸ.. 


ื‘ืึทื›ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืฑืงืŸ, ื‘ืึธื›ืขืŸ -- 

ื‘ื•ื! ื‘ื•ื! ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืœืข? 
ืจื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืžืืœืฅ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคึผืึธืฐื™ื“ืœืข. 


ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืฑื™ืง 
ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึธ, ื›'ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจ! 


ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื“ืœืขืŸ: 
ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึท, ื”ืึธื‘ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘, ืžื™ืจ ื›ืืœืขืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื ืขืก! 


ืกืงืœื™ืคืึธืกืึธื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื! ืกืงืึธืจืื™ื ืคึผืึธืžืึธืฉื˜ืฉ! 
ืขืก ื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ!.. 

ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜? ืื™ืš ืจืขื“! 

ื™ืึธ, ื™ืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืขืกื˜ืจืึธ. 


ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ; 

ื”ืืง ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื•ื ื˜! 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ; 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜! 


ืคื™ื•-ืคืฒึทืฃ! -- ืคืฒึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทืคื™ืึธืœืŸ... 
ื”ืืจื’ืข ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜-ืœืืงื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืœื“, 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ! 


ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒื™ืฆืข! 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ 

ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืืง ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆืŸ. 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ? ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืŸ? 
ืžื•ืจ!: ืขื˜ืึธ ืžื•ืจ? ื“:ื? 

(ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืืคืฆื•ืœืึธื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืงืืœืื‘ื•ืจื“ืขืŸ). 


ืžื•ืจ? ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื‘ืึธืžื‘ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืื”ืื ืขืŸ, 

ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœืืงืขืจืžืื ืขืŸ! 


ืก'ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขืŸ ืกืžื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืฃ 
ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ื“ื™ืŸ-ื“ื™ืŸ'ื“ื™ื ืข, 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข. 


ื”ื™ื™, โ€ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, 
ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ! 

ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜. 


ื”ื•ื™ื“ืขื˜, ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืคืื’ืึธื˜ ื ืกืึธืœืึธ, 

ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืึธืœืข. 


1 ืžืึธืกืงื™ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ. 


3* 


ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, 

ื˜ืืฆืŸ ืงืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืงืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื˜: 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™! ื’ื•ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™! ื’ื•ื˜ ืื–ื™! 


ืืฒึท ื“ื•, ืคึผืขื ื–ืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื”ืึธื–ื• 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืฉืคึผื•ื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื–. 


ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ืคึผืขื ื–ืœ ืœืืงืขืจืžืืŸ, 

ืคึผืœื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืืง ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, 

ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ. 

ืึทืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’! ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ: 
;ืฉืœืึธื’ืœืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜" -- ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ืข, 


ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’! ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’! 

ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื, ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ! 

ืก'ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, - 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ! ื˜ืขืžืคึผ!! ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ!!! 


ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื‘ืข, 

ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 

ื‘ืื ื”ื•ื‘ืœ. 

ื‘ืื ืคืจืขื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. 
ืจืขืงืึธื ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ึทืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ -- 
ืžืืจืงืก, ืœืขื ื™ืŸ, 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก. 
ื”ื•ื‘ืœื˜, ืคืฒึทืœื˜, 

ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื ื–ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืก. 


ืฐื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืืžื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืขืคืขืจื‘ื•ื™, 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ! 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื’, 

ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืข 

ื’ืจืื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ. 


ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 

ื“ืขื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข; 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ. 


ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืขืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืฉืœืืœ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธืฐืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœ, -- 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืœืŸ 
ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื‘ืึธืฐื•ืฉืึทืฐืขืจืก ืงืึธืœ. 


ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข, 

ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 

ื‘ืื ื”ื•ื‘ืœ, 

ื‘ืื ืคืจืขื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. 
ืจืขืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒึทืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜! 


ืคึผืฑื™ืงื˜ ื–ืฉืข, ืคึผื•ื™ืงืŸ, ืฉืืœื˜, ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื ื’, ืคืื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ! 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ? 
ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืืกืŸ, ืคืฒึทืขืจ! 


ื•ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืœื™ืข ืคืืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืœ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ื–ืื ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ.. 


ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ืขืœืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจืก, 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ, 

ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืฉื˜ืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก -- ืจืึทื–ืข ืฉื™ืคืœืขืš, 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืคืื’ืึธื˜, ื ืกืึทืœืึธื–ื”ื™ืžืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืขื“ืฉื˜ืจืืœ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืŸ! 


ื”ื™ื™, ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืื˜! 

ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืœืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืžื•ืจืžืื ืกืง ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข, 

ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืก. 


ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคืืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื’ืŸ, -- 
ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืข ืจืืกื™ื™ื, 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ! 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข -- 
ื ื’ืจื•ืก ื“ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื–ื™ื ื™ืง! 

ืื•ื™, ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื™ืงื•ื“ืœืื˜ืฅ, 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื“ืขืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ืก'ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืžืขื–ืฉืขืก, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจืŸ. 
ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืœื™ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขืก 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื›ืืจื™ืง 

ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฒึทืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืคึผืึธืขืฅืžืข: 
ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื”ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืก'ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. 


17 


ืฆื•ื 895-ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืขื˜ืฒืฃ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20ื™ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ) 


ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืจืฉืื ืกืงื™ 


ื‘ืื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 


3--187 


ืžื™ื˜ 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืฉืคึผ 


ื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืกื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœ 


ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข-ืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
;ืกืึธื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื” 


ื™ื™ืžืœืื ืš" 


ื”ื• 
ื‘ 
2 
= 
24 
ืืฆ 
= 
2 
} 
:' 
ื 
8 
2 
2 


ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ 


ื™ื™ึทื•ืงืขืจ 


19 


ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืกื™ื‘ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืœืฅ, ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึธืกืŸ. ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ: ืฐืขืจ? ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืœืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ, 
ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืึธื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ื–ื›ื•ืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืขืง- 
ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืกืŸ. 
ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ? ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืคืืจืžืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ! ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืืจื•ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืขืงืื ืข ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึทื›ืขืก. ื–ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืึธืจ, ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืืœื ืคืืœืก, ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืกืขื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™. ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 
ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš: ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืข ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ืงืึธืœืก ื”ืึธืคืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ืกื•ืจืข, ืื– ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึทื ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื™ืกื™ืขืก: 
ืขึถืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืฆืขื ืขืŸ -- ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื‘ื™-ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืขืœื˜ื ืึธืžืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืขืฉื•ืข. ื™ื™ 
ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื? ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ: ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ 9 ืื•ืŸ 10 ืคืืจืŸ 1989. 


50 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“' 
ืงืึธืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืž. 
ืœืื ื“" ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืึทืจื“ืึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 80'ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืืจื™ื›ืืก. 
ื™ืึทืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ. 


: ื™. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืขืœื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืŸ ืื ึฐื“ืขืจึฐ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’. 

--ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื–ืืง, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึนึผืึท 
ืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื– ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ื- 
ื–ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืขื ืขื, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืื–ื™ืจื˜ืŸ, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ ืืœืขื, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืขืก 
ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ. 
| = ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืงืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, 
ืืœืฅ ืฆืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืขื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทื–, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืกื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืคืืจ 
ื“ึดื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ึถืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืฑืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืืจื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืงืฒื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“. ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง 
ื“ืึธื‘ืจื™ื ืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืืฉื™ืจืขืก, ืื– ืกืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืืฆืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ึดื‘ืขื“, 
ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืฆืขืคืจืขืกืŸ... 

ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกืคื•ืœืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš. ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื ืึธืกืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืงืœืืžื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ 
;ืื ืข ื•ื•ืื ืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ", ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื ืคืืจืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื™ืฑืขืœ ืจืึทื”ืึธื˜ืฉืึธืฐืŸ, 
ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืฑื–, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 


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ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜. ื ืฉืฐืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ืœืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืืœื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืงืข ื‘ื™ื– ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื–ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธื• ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืœืฅ, ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜, ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทื›ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ื•ืคืข ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืงื ืืคึผ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜. 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืกืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืง, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœืึธื’ื™ืง ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท ืืฑื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืขืจ ืกืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ื™ื ืก ืจื™ื“, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื’ืขืกื˜". 
ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก ื‘ืื™ืึทืจื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขื™ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืคืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืึธืกื™ื“ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื‘ื™ืกื™ื ืงืขืœืข ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื‘ื™ืง, ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืืจื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐืขืจ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืจืึธืฆืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืœื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืึธืจืขืžืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฆื•ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืจืข, ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืืจืœืื ื’. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืฅ 
ื•ืขืจืง ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืจื•ื›ืขืก, ืฉืจืขื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืžืขื›ืืฉื™ื™ืคืขืก... 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืก ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืฐื™, ,ื ื’ื•ื˜-ื”ืขืœืฃ" ืื•ืŸ , ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื•ืฐื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืจืขืฉื˜ืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ 
ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืขืœืข ืงืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืืฉืžืึธืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืœืึธื’ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 
ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืกืข ืงืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืืฃ ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 


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ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืœืึทื ืขืŸ-ื–ืืœ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืื–ืฐืึธืœืฒื™. 

ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜. ืžืืฉ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื‘ื•ืฉืขืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ, ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืฐืขืจืกืงืึธึตื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ. 
ืคืืจืŸ ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื“ื™ืŸ -- ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื˜ืฐืขืจืกืงืึธื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ืคืืจืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืฑืฐืœืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืคื™ื ื›ืขืก 
ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ-ื”ืื™ื•ื™ื, ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ึทืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืกืึธืคืขืงืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจ. ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜, ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืข, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื ืฉื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงืกืึธืฐื™ื, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ, 
ื”ืืœื‘ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ. 

ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ื ืฑื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ:ื”ืื™ื•ื™ื. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืข. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื™ืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืฐืขื ืงืœื˜, ืฆื™ 
ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื, 
ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื•ื™ ืืœืข, ืžืฒึทื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืฉ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื ืึธืš, ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข. 

ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืกืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ: ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก 
ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’. 

ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืืœืฅ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื: ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข, ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืกื•ื˜ื•ืœืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืืงืกืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืจืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ื•ื ืงืœืงืฒึทื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฉื•ื›ืคึผื•ืฆืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืึทืฉ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืฑื™ื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขืฆืขืก ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ", ื“ื™ ื’ืจืฒื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžืืงืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื, 
ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–. ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืขืก ืœืืžื“ืึธื ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืข ื”ื™ืœืขืœืก ื˜ื™ืจืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ืจืขื’ืœ ืื›ืืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื-ืขืœืคึผืึทื ืขื. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืจืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืขืš ื”ืื“ื™" 
ืžื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื ืื›- 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืืฆืœืื•ื•ืขืจืก ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ื›ืขืก, ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉืจืขื˜ืขืœืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึทืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“. 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื. 

-- ื•ื•ื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก, ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’? 

ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึทื ื’ืข 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. ืกื˜ืื ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื›ืืคึผืŸ. ืฆื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 


03 


ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืขื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ,ืจืขื‘", ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก" ืžืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ื ืขื 
,ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก". 

-- ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’. -- ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืก ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื™ืกืจืฒื“, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื ืกืึธื–ื™, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข, ืฐื™ ืืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื. -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืœืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธ. -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื–. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, 
ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืฒืŸ ืืžืึทืœื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ื•ื˜ืฑืฒึทื“ืŸ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืคึผ? ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืขืก ื‘ื™ืžื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดืžืืš ืฉืžื•ื™, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืข, ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืŸ? ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืฒึท ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื›ืึธืœ ืœืขืฐืืฐื›ืึท ืื•ื‘ืขื›ืึธืœ 
ื ืืคืฉืขื›ืึธ? ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง? ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ืืœืฅ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื– ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื™ึธื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืจื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื–ื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื›ืžืืจืข. ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ 
ื“ืึธืจ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ ื–ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. 

ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื 
ื–ืึทื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื‘ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืจื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื, ืื– ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ, ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืืœืขื ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข? ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ? ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒืก ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืกืŸ? ืฐืขืจ, ืžื™ืฉื˜ืฒื ืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš? : 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ 

ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑืงืขืจื˜ืข ืืงืกืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ืงืึธื˜ืฑื ื˜ื™, ืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก ื‘ืื ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืฐืขื“, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ื–ืืœื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ. 

-- ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืืœื‘ื˜, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืืœื‘ื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืš. ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ืงืขืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™, 
ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ื– ืฆึดื• 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึทืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก, ืืฑื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš? ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข. 

-- ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ... ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืื ืึธื™ื, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข, ืื– ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืข ืืฃ ื 
ื”ืืจื‘ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืœืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืงื•, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืขืก ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื–ืขืœื›ืก ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืฅ ื›ืึธืจืข ืžืื›ืŸ? ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืขื - 
ืคืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก, 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืข. ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ.. -- ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืข ืคืืจ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื ืก ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืฒื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืก ื“ื™ืจืข ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืœืŸ ืžืฑื™ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ื™ืžื•ื ื’. ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 


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ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืฐื•ืจืข ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืขืžืื˜ืึธืจื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืจื™ื’ืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืืฉ. 

ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื”ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื 
ื“ืืจืคื˜. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ื ื 
ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืžืืฉืงืข ื•ื™ืงื•ื›ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒื™ ื ืจืฒื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ึทืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ืขื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืกืข ืงืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฅ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืกืืงืึธื ืข ืื–ืขืœื›ืก ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืื˜ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜.. ืฐืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืœืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก, ื˜ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืกืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื’, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

-- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ืื– ืกืข ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ. 

-- ืฐืขืจ? ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข? 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ืจืึธื›ืข. 

-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก? -- ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ. 

-- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ืžืงื•ื. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืึธื ืงืœ ืžืึธื–ืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ? ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, ืื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ืกืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื ืึทื›ื’ืฒืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืืจื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืฐืœื“ื™ืง 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก, ืฆื™ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืฉืืจืฃ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืฑื ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืจื•ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฑื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื–ื™- 
ื ืขื ื ื›ืึธืœืขื ืื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ืขืœ, 

-- ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืžืื›ื ืข ืžืืœืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื˜ื”ืึธื, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ? 

-- ืืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืœืขื. ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื ืข ืงืืจืขื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฑืขืจืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืจืขืœืก, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืงืขืจ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ื™ืง. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืฐืฒึทื– ื”ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธืจื›ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืึธืจื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜... 

ื“ื™ ืฉืึธ, ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš. ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจืก ืืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


ืกืค 


ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืข 
ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึทืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“. ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืคึผืื›ืขื“ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ 
,ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก", ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธืก"ืงืืœืข ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื’ืก, ืืฃ 
,ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก", ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืœื•ื™ื‘, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ- 
ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜, ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืืกืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืืœืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืœืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ-ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, - 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ. ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ. 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜? ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ. ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื™ื•ื•ืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ืžืขืงืขืก, ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ 
ื›ืึธืžืข, ื‘ื ืื–ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืฉืขืœืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

-- ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ? - 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. -- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืจืข 
ืคืึธืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ, 

-- ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืืœืฅ ื˜ืืงืข ืขืžืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธื• ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืžืœ, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜. ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืก. 

ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืคึผื™ื ืงืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. 

-- ื•ื™ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ืคื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ? ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. 

ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืืŸ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื˜ืŸ: 

-ื™ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืกืžืืš ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืจืื“ืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื:ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ื ืึทืจ ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืœื™ืขื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืคืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืืฃ ื ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ. ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 


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ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืœืขื’ืื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื. ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœ: ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืขืžืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืœืขื›ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื– ืกื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก, ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ, ื›ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืืœืข ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืื™ึดืฆืืงื•. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืจืขืฐืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืคืืจืืŸ. ื›'ืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ? ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ... ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ? 
ืก'ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืคืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ื‘ืื ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึดืึธื˜ืขืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืขืก 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื›ืึทื›ืžืข ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืกืึธืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื›ืึธื›ืžืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื•ื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•. ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื–, ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ื–ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื“, ื”ืืœืขืžืฒึท ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฃ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืฑื™ื–ืขืจืŸ. ืขืคึผืขืก ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืื– 
ืื•ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืœืŸ. ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืกืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ื‘ื 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก: ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืืœืืก, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคึผืฑืขืœืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืฐื™ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื–ื•ืกืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืžื™ื ืืจื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืจืฒื“, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. 

ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืกื ืข, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ึดืขืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจืึธื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื ืึทืขื ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื: 

-- ื›'ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ- 
ื›ืึธืžืข, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึธื˜ืขืง. ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื–ื ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœืก ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ื“ืขื ื–ืื™ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืงื•ืฃ, ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœืฒื™ื ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืื, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื–, 
ื•ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื–ื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืื, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืึธืฉื‚ ืื–ื ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 


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ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืคื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืื ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึทืœืขื ืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆืึทืจื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื•ืœืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืืงืกืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื  
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืกืคืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืกืืš ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืฒึทื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืžืืจืงืกื™ื–ื. ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ-ืฒื™ึทื“, ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืš. ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืขืš ืžืขืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกืŸ ืึธื ืจืฒืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ, ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืœืึทื–ืฅ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ? ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข ืืฃ ืื™ื ื“ื–? ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื™ืคึผืขืจ ื”ืืžืฒึทืกืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื–ื•ืŸ. 

-- ืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืงืœืขืจ ืื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ. 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ืื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธืกืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขืคึผ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ืขืคืืจ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืก ืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื•ืš ื”ื•, ื‘ืึธืจื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื™. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืขืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ? ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืข ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง, ื ืึธืจ 
ืคื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ื“ื™ 
ืึธืฐืœื“ื™ืง ืืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœืก ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื. 

-- ืื™ึดื– ื˜ืื›ืืก ืื™ึทืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืื›ืืก ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ? ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™" 
ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ? ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจืงืœืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืื™ึดืŸ ื˜ืื›ืืก ืื™ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ื ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜, -- 
ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฑื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืืงืึธื ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืงืœืขืจ ืฉืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืจืฑืขืŸ ื ืกืึธื“. -- ื‘ื ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธืจืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. -- ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืจ 
ืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ, ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš. ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืก 
ืฆืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืฆืึธืจื ื˜ืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐื™. โ€ ืฉื™ืžื• ืฉืึธืžืื™ึดื ืฐืขื”ืืื–ื™ื ื• ืขืจืขืฅ, ื’ืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคึผืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ,ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“, -- ื”ืึธื˜ โ€ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ, -- 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืืจื“ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืข ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข". ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ. ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืขืš. ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืจืึธึทืžืืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืกื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืื–ื: ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืœืขื, ืฆื• ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืฆื• ืขืจืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ืฐืฒื™ืึธื”ืื•ื•ื˜ื 
ืงื™ืžื•ื™ื›ืึท, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ ื”ืื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜? ื“ื™ ืืกืขืจืขืก ื”ืื“ื™ื‘ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ ,ืœืึธ" ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ื’ืข, ื’ื–ื™ื™ืœืข, ืงื™ื ืข, ืคืืœืฉืงืฒึทื˜.. ืื™ื– ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืคึผืึทืœืึทื ืขืจืŸ, ื ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื“ื™ ื™ืขื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืœื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื™ื•ื™ืกืขืฃ ื”ืื ื™ืฆืจืข. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข 
ืื™ื– ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ -- ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืžื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืึธืคึผื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื›ืข ื ืฒื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืึดื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืคึผืื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืืง. ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข? ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื™ื’ืข, ื’ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืข, ื’ื–ื™ื™ืœืข, ืงื™ื ืข. ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ ืงืืจืœ ืžืืจืงืก. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืžืื›ืŸ, ืื– ืกื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืข 


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ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ึทืขืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข, ื–ืขื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืกืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžืข ืจื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืงืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ, ื™ื™ึดืžืืš ืฉืžื•ื™ ืฐืขื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžืขืžืฉืึทืœืข. ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฐืขืœื˜, ืกื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžืื‘ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื•ืœืขื ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข, ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืข? 

--- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืกืฐืขื’, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืฆึดื™ ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืคืืจ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื– ืกื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืกื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•, ืื• ืคึผืึธ 
ืœืึธื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœืฒื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืื™ ืฐื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืืฑืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืก, ืื– ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก?.. ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื“ืขื ืจืขืžืขื–. ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ืขืจ, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜", ืคื•ืŸ ,ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืจืข ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ", ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืื•ืžืจื•" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™? ืžืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜", ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ ื–ืขืฐื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืกืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

-- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื:ื™ื™ืคืข ืืœืข ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืœืื ื“. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืงื˜, ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“, ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืข 
ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ: 

-- ืฐื™' ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›'ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข? -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฒึทืœืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜. 

-- ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, -- ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื‚ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ-ื–ืืฐืึธื“, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื‘ืืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ื ื™ื™ื˜. 


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ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“ื™ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึธื ื˜ืจืฑืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื–ื ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ื’ืฒื˜? -- ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธื“ 
ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื. -- ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืขืฐืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฑื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืจืข" 
ืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธื•, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ืš 
ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืึธืฐืขืก: 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืคึผืขืจืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื-ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ืื™ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ื›'ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืŸ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืฐืขื“. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ื- 
ื–ืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ. ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืื™ื–, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืืฑืก, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื. ื›'ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ืกื ืื’ื“ื™ื, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ืกื ืื’ื“ื™ื. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื ืื’ื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ืงืจื™ื’, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืึธืžื™ื ื ืฑื™ืจืึทื™ึดื. ืฐืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ืฆืึธืก 
ืึทื ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคืข, 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืืจื•ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื™ืงืกืื•ื•, ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื™ืึท ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ืื–ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš? -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜. 

-- ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ 
ืืฒึทืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ? 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืก'ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ืึธืšืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. -- ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. -- ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ื- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืกืฒึท ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื’ืฒื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืืงืึธื ืข. ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธื›ื’ืฒืŸ. 


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ืื™ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื‘-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ื ืคืืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืฅ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืขืงืึธืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืึธืจืขื. ืฆื•ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืขืก ื’ืขืจืืžืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืงื™ืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึธึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื›ืืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผื ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจืฒึทืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ'- 


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ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืขืงื•ืจืึธืฐื™ื. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™" 
ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืกืึธืคืงืึทืœืกืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผื ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื ืึธื–ื™ืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื ืงืืคึผืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืจืข -- ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื™ 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ, ืืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ืืจืึธื˜, ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืืฉืงืขื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื™ืึธื›ื™ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืึธืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ื™ื ื‘ืืœืฒื™ืœืึธ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœื›ืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืืžื“ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ: ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื‘ืขื˜, ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื“ืขืง, ื 
ื˜ื™ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืจืขื˜ืงืขืก, ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ื˜ืคืขืกื“ื™ืง ืฉืืคืงืขืœืข ืคืืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึท ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื 
ืžืึธืงืขื-ืžืขื ื•ื›ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ'ืจืื, ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืคึผืœืขืš -- ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืืœื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืงืืœืึธืฉืŸ. ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคื• 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื›ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืกืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉ- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืžืื ืืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืจืขื- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืขื›ืืฉื™ื™ืคืขืก, ืฉืจืขื˜ืขืœืขืš. ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืš 
ื’ืขืขื ื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืกืงืึธืžืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืข ืืคื™ืœืข. 

ืฆื•ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื 
ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ื‘ื ื“ื™, ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข. ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื ื™ื˜' 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. 

ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ื“ืึธื‘ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืกืืงืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฐืคึผืื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ ื™ืื. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืกืืงื™ ืืฃ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืื™ื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืจืขื“ืข, ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžื• 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ื˜ืขืœืžืื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜ื ื™ืง ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ืฐื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืžืข 
ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื˜ืขืœืžืื ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ? ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, 
ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืžืื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืœืฐื™ืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืงื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืืงื™ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื‘ืขื“ืืจืงืข. ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ-. 
ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืžื˜ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ืžื™ื™ืื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื ืึทื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜-. 
ื ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืื– ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืขืœืžืื ืขืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžืื ื“ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืŸ. 


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ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ. ืฐืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืœืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜? 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. 

-- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื– ืกืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. -- ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, -- ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื˜, ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืข ืื™ืš ืื™ื 
ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ืขื 
ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื? ืึทืŸ ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก? ืื•ื™ื‘ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึทืš 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ. 


ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธื• ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืขื˜ืฒึทืš, ืื™ื ืขื ืžืืกื™ื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื’ืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืง-ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ื™ืืงืึทืฐืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ-ื’ืืœืขืจื™ื™. ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฒึทืฆื™ืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ื ืึทืš 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ืขื 
ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืฐืขืก ืื•ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ 
ื‘ืื ื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžืขืงืื‘ืœืคึผืึทื ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง-ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืคืŸ ืขื˜ืื–ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข -- ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจ. 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ 
ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืื ื“. 

ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืก ื ืงืœื ื’, 
ืฆื™ ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืฉืœืึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆื•ึผื ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืœื™ืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ. ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืงืื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืื™ื– 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืขืš ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ื“ืึธืš, ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืก ื“ื™ืจืข, ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืงืฐืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืึธืคึผืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืขืงืœ. ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึธืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžืื ื“ืขืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื™ืข, ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืžืืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฐื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื 
-ืžืืœืขืš. ืื™ืจ ืœืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืข ืœืฑื˜ืขืจืข ืืฑื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืืคื˜, 
-ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ. ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื. 

-- ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืขื ืงืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืกื˜ื™ ืขืก ื“ืึธืจื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
:ื”ืขืจืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืก ืงืึธืœ, 

-- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–. 

-- ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื“ื–? 

-- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžืื ื“ืขืœ. 

-* ืืš, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ืงื™ืžื˜ ืืจืืŸ. ืฆื™ื•ื™ื ืงืข, ื–ืฒึท ืื–ื™ 
ื’ื™ื˜, ืžืืš ืื™ื ื“ื– ื˜ื™ื™, 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืจืขืคืึทืœื™ื ืงืข. 

-- ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ื™ื˜ืก? 

ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืก ืืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืง, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึทืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜-ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืš ื ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทืงืขืืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขึถืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ. ืืŸ ืืœืขืฃ ืึธืŸ ื ืงืึทืžืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฐืึธืฐื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜, 


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ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืœื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืฉืืจืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืฉ, ืขืœืขื”ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ึธื“. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคึผืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฉืขื‘ื™ืงืกืื•ื• ืืฃ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืจืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคืื ืื " 
ื“ืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ื–ืึธื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ, -- ืื™ื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš. ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผ, 

ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ, ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ื ืื–ื ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืจืืก ื”ืืงืึธืฐื•ืขื“ ืฐื™ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ. -- ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. | 

-- ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื™ืึธ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืฒื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทึธืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืคึผืื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจื›ื™ื“ืขืฉื˜. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒืคึผืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ื™ืขืŸ. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ื ื”ืฒึทื˜. 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืขืจ 
ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืื– ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืฃ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ: : 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืื™ึดื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ. ืื•ืŸ -ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ืคืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? : 

-- ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜?! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืคืจืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื’. ื“ื™ ื–ืืš ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืขืจ ื ืึธืš. ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ. ืื™ืจ 
ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ืจืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืกืืง ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ, ืื– ื›ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืกื™ืœืขืฐืข ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคึผืขืจืœ ืืฃ ื ืฉื ื™ืจืœ. ื›'ืงืึธืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข- 
ื“ื™ืง ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื˜ ืžืืžืขืฉ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืžืืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืกืข ืงืื˜ืึธืจื’ืข. ื™ืึธ, ืžืข ืื™ื– 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืงืื˜ืึธืจื’ืข. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ืžืื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ: ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ืงืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื ืงืื˜ืึธืจื’ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืข ืฐึดื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ึดื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ.. ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืฒึทื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš 
ืืฒึทืš, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“. -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ 
ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืฉืื›ื˜ืœ ืฉืึธืงืึธืœืื“. -- ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฆื™ื ื“ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืื“ืขืจื•ืฃ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ. 

-- ื ื“ืื ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ืกืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. | 
| = -- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžืขื’? ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืืฉืขืจ. ืœืขืžืœ ื ืื™ 
ืฉืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื›'ื’ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš. ืก'ืžืขื’ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืฆื•ืงืขืจืงืขืก ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืขื ืงืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืœืขืš, ืคึผืืกืงื ื˜, ืื– ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื‘ืขื“ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ื ื•, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืงืึธืœืื“, 
ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื™ื’ืืจ. ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜? ืื™ื– ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ? 

-- ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืคืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืึธื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืจืขื›ื˜ืก, ืื– ื›ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ? ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืคึผ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ: 

-- ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทื ืจืึธื? 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื? 


03 


-- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ? 

-ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. 

-- ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. -- ืคื•ื ืกื ืฒึท ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืœื™ึดืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. -- 
ื“ืึทืก ืกืืžืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข, ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื•. ื“ื™ ืงืจืืžืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜. ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง. ืื™ืš 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืึธ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. -- ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. -- ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜, ื›'ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

-- ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืœืขืก. 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜ืื™ื– 
ืึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ืืœื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขื, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื›ืœ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ืฉืœืึทื’ื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื ืกืืš ืึทืคื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืœืขื ื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืœืขื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœ ืกืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ื‘ืŸ -ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ืกืข-ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš, ืกืืจื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืกื™ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืขืžืืœื›ื•ืก, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืขื ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืึทืฐืขืจ 
ืžืืจืงืก, ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืึธืฐืขืจ ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืึธื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ืฒึทื˜. ืงื•ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืจืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืื“ืึธืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ืกื ืฒึท ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื ืงืœ ืกืขื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ื ืคึผืึธืœืง ืฐื™ ืืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’.. 

ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืืฉื‘ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืฒื›ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคืขื ืข ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืื›ื˜ืœ ืฉืึธืงืึธืœืื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืกืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฉืื›ื˜ืœ ืฉืึธืงืึทืœืื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืก. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ, ืึธื ื‘ืฒื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜,-- 
ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง: ,ื˜ืืจื ื™ืึธืจื“ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืฉืึธืžืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื›ืืจืื•ื• ื‘ืจื•ื›ื 
ื‘ื" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ 
ื›ืึทืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื‘ืœืฑื–, ืื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื". 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืกืขืง, 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทื›ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืคืข ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ืŸ. ื™ืึธ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ. ื”ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜? 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืจืขื’ืข ืคืืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืงืœืืคึผื˜, ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืจืฉื™ 
ืคืึทืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜-ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜. 


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ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฒึทืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทื ืฐืขืจื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืขื” ืขืคึผืขืก, ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก? 

-- ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. 

-- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืึธืœ ื™ืึธืžืึธ, ืฐื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืึธืจืขืคึผืืฉื ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ? 

-- ื›ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš 
ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืคืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข. ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข. 

-- ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข? -- ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื–, ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืฅ? 

-- ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื›ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืšื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื™ืจืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื‘ื ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื ืฆืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืืจืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืค 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื–ืจืขืšื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ื“, ืื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื ืื’ื“ื™ื! ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜. -- ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก: -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืืžืขื“ืฐืึธื•ื•ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื–ื›ื•ืก ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขืงื•ื™ืžืขืก, 
ืื™ื– ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื˜ืข, ืืจืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœ ืจืขื’ืœ ืื›ืืก ืžืื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืขืก ื ื™ื˜.. ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืืจื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื˜. 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื ืกืืš ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš... 

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: 

--- ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื›ืืคึผืŸ? 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืขืจ ืกื™ืœืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืคึผืขืจืœ ืืฃ ื ืฉื ื™ืจืœ. ืฆื™ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ื™ืขื“ืข ืฉื•ืจืข, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฆื™ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืฆืฐืฒื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึธื ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืœืข ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื–ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืกืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื 
ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจืขื ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจืขืจ, ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 

ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืคึทึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืึธืœ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธ. 

-- ื›'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืข- 
ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืขืก. 

-- ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืฐืฑื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื™ืขื•ื“, ื‘ืœื™ื• ืืฃ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืšื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืก'ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜? 

-- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืขืคืฉืขืจ... 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, -- ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืœืขืžืื ื”ืืฉืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก, ืฐื™ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš. 


09 


ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืคื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืฐืฑื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืœื‘ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืœื‘, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืก ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจ ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืงืึธืœืื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืืจ. | 


21 


,ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืคื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ืฉื˜ืึธืง ื”ืขื›ืขืจ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ืงืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืกืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืœื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืœื™ืงื˜ืข ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฆืขืงื ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ; 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื‘ืœ -- ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜;: ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ -- ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™" 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉืืคืขืก. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืงื™ืฉื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขื ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืงืจื™ื’. 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ื˜ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ื“ืขืžืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืื ืึธืคึผืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœืืœ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ืก 
ื˜ืจืขืคืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื˜. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืžืืœืขืš, ืฆื™ื•ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทึธืคืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื ืืกืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขืš ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ ืงืึธืœ: ,ืื•ื™ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืขืคืึธืœื™ื ืงืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืœื™ื ืงืข"... 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืื“ื•ื™ืฉืขื ื ืึธืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืื“ื•ื™ืฉืขื ืœืึธืงืืš. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ื”ืขืœืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื 
ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืœืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืคืืžืขืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ. 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืœื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆึดื• 
ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืฒื˜ืขื ืื ื˜. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืฉืคึทึผืืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ืึทืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืฐืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืข. 

ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ืฑื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืื“, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืฆื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืืฒื™ืกืฆืึธืจืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก 
ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’. ื ื ืืคืงืขืžื™ื ืข ืื™ื, ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื• ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™. 


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ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืื ืึธืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืืžืข ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธื“, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกืืžืข ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. ื ืžื™ืขืกืข, ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ. ืกื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ืคึผืึธืœืึทื ืขืจืก 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคืข ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืกืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื’ืจืื“. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื’ืืจื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคืข ื‘ืืจื’ ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืข- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื–ื ื”ืขืœื‘ืœืฑื™ืขืจ ืึธื ืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืข ืงืึทืœื™ืจื™ืงืข 
ื˜ื•ืคืœ -- ื ืžืื˜ืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜, -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื”ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฒึทืข. ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจืื“ืข ื™ืึธ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข, ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืืจื ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ืข ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืข ืžืืœื‘ื•" 
ืฉื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืฒื•ื˜. 

-- ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืœ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉืžืื›ื˜ ืงืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ืึทืกืขืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ, -- ื“ื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืกื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืืžืข, 

-- ื•ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ. -- ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื‘ ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข 
ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื•ื•ืขืง ืึธืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืŸ, ืฐื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ืขืจืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืืฐื™ื“ื•ืกื™ื ืงืข? ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ืฐืึธืก, ืงื™ื ื“ 
ืžืฒึทื ืก, ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื’ืืจืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืื™ื 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ? ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ, ืžืืžืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื–? -- ื‘ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ื ืคืึธื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขึถืจ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ืขืจ? ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข. 

-- ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ืึทืคึผ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืืจืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. -- ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

-- ื ื•, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ? 
ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉืœืืคื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ. 

-- ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืคืืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš. ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš , ื‘ืขืœืึทืžืึธืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื›'ืจื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืŸ 

-- ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจืฒื˜ ื‘ื ื ืฆืขืŸ ืคืขืงืœืขืš ืคืืค 
ืจืึธืกืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. 

-- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื, -- ื ื–ืึธื’ ื˜ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: -- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืก ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. 

ืืฆื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜. 


07 


ืฐื™ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืจืฒื›ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: 

-- ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ? ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืขืคึผืขืก:ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

-- ื“ืึทึธืฐื™ื“ืœ, ื“ื• ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื˜? 

-- ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจื•ื‘ืœ. ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื™ืงืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืœืฃ. 

-- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœืฃ ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ? -- ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื•ืืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืคืข. -- ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื– ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืึธืš, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. 

-- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืฅ ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, -- ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ, ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืคึนึผืึท- 
ืœืึธื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืกืœืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ, 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ืคืืจ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜: 

-- ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื– ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืงืœื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื™ืืฐืขื˜ ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืืœื™ืืกื˜ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธื. ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื‘ื ืจืข- 
ืคืึธืขืœืŸ ืืœืข ืงืขืฉืขื ืขืก, ืื™ื ืืœืฅ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™, ืจืขืคืึธืœื™ื ืงืข, ืจืขืคืึธืœื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ. 

-- ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜: ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. -- ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืืจืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื›ืขืกืขื“. -- 
ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธื›ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืขื˜ืื–ืฉ, ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธึทืš 
ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ- 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืงื™ืœืขืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ืคืืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“! ืคืืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืื ื“, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉืืคื˜ ืืฑื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ... 


-- ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื™ืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, -- ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืึทืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ. 

-- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ึทืฉ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก 
ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™ึทืฉืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžืื ื“ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืขืœืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืคึผื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืขืจืขืจืก, -- ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืื ื’ื‘ืืจืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒ- 
ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ... 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ? -- ืื™ื– ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒื™ื“, -- ืื™ืจ ืกืึท- 
ืคืขืงื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ? -- ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืึธืจืืก ืจืื‘ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ืงืขืจื˜ ืึนืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืคืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ. 

-- ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜-- 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ ื ื’ืื ื’ื‘ืืจืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ,. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืงื•ื–ื ืขืฆืงื™ ืžืึธืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข. 


08 


-- ื™ืึธ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ. 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ. ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ. ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ืืœืฅ 
ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜. ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืกืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืื ื“ืขื ืžืขืœืขืš. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜? -- ื”ืึธื˜, ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืจื™ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธ. -- ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื ืกืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข, ืกืืžืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื•ืคืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขื. 

-- ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก, -- ืืœื - 
ืคืืœืก, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึทื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืขื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐืขืœื˜ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 

-- ื ืื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื•ืœื“, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก. 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืก ืคืืจืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, -- ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ? ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก: 
ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืกื ืึธืคึผ ื ืคืืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืœืึทืฉืขืก. 

-- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื‘ืฒื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ ื ืงื•ืฉ ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฐื•ืขืง, ืžื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื ื’ืขื›ืืœืขืฉื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ. ืื•ื™, ืจืขืคืึธืœื™ื ืงืข 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, -- ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•'ื–ื™ืš. -- 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฐืขืง, ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืง ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืก ืืœืข ืงืกืึธืฐื™ื, ื“ืขื ืงืื›ื™ื ืขื˜ ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืขื˜.. 

-- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจื›ืืกืžืขื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืงืื ื™ื ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’. 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข. ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ืœืŸ. -- ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜: ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื™ืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก. -- ืื™ืจ 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ? ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. 

ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ื›ื•ืฅ ืืœืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“, ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืื“ืข ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ ืจืฒื“ืŸ, 
ืื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื 
ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืœืขืคื™ึดืขืจืขืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜. ืงื•ื™ื ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืขืก ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขืš 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืืœืข ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืก ืงืกืึธืฐื•ื™ื. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืฉืขื‘ื™ืงืกืื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืืฃ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ. ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคึผืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืœืขืš, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื: ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื 
ืœืืžืขื“ืฐืึทืฐื ื™ืงืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื”ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ. 


09 


ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืืคึผืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืจืืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืจืื’ืข: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ, ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš-ืคืืจืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื“ืึธ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜? 

ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ืŸ: ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ืฆื• ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืงืึธืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืข- 
ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื–ืžืขืจ ืœืขืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืกืคืืœืขืœื™ื ืœืขืงืึธืฐืขื“ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื ื˜, 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืงืึธื“ืขืฉ, ืงืึธื“ืขืฉ, ืงืึธื“ืขืฉ. ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืก 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท, ืฐืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืก ื’ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืื™ื“ืฒื™ึทืฉ ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืกืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ื ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ืคืืจ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืืœืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืฐืขื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื‘ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘? ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ? ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืงืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘-ืฉื˜ื•ืžืขืจ. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ 
ื ืขึตืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื? ืขืžืขืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ืžืึธืœ ืืœืฅ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ-ื”ื™ื™ื, ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ... ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื: ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืจื™ืึธืจืง, 
ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข. ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืงืฒึทืŸ 
. ื‘ืขื ื™ืึธื›ื™ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš'ื•ื•ืื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืฑื™ืกืงืฒึทื˜. 


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ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธื•ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึทืจืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืฆืฐื™ืฒื™ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืึธ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื›ืึธืœ ื˜ืคื•ืฆืขืก, ืื™ื– ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึธื›ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทืฉื•ึผืฐื™ื. ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื, ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืื 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืฐื™ ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข, ืคืืจ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืื“ื™ืึธื–ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขืฉื•ื ืข-ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ืœืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขื’ืžื™ืœืŸ. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืืจ- 


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ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื›ืข, ื•ื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืื“ื™ืึธื™ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฉืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœ ืื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฐืขืืœ ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ื ื›ืข? ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื•ื™ืคืœ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึธืœื™ึดืขืš ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืืจื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืจืขืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื. ืืฒึท ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš, 
ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืคืืจืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉืึธ, ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ. 

,ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืง, ื ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืก ืืฒื ืขืจ ื ืœื™ืš. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืขืฐื™ึทื™ึดื, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึธืขืœ, ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก 
ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’, ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐ, ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ 
ื’ืึธื“ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜. ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ. ืฉืขื‘ื™ืงืกืื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคึผืข. ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืœืขืš, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืข, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท: ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธืก ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜: , ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืœืืžืขื“ืฐืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืจ ื“" ื•ื•ืขืœื˜'". ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข, ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืขืก ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืืจืง ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืงื™ืฒืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฐืขื’, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

ื‘ื ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจืŸ. ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ื“ืื•ื•ื ืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ื‘ืื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœืื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉึนืฉึดื™ 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื”ืขืจื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื“ื•ืงื˜ืึธืจืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืื˜ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธืกืขื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื ืึธืกืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืื˜. ื ืึธืกืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืื•ึนื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ืขื ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืšื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš. ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืกืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื ืฒึทืก? 

ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื“ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ื™ืงื™ื˜ืกืงืข ื˜ืฑื™ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืืžืฐืฒึท, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. 

ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื ืข ื’ืืก, ืฐื• ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฐืขืจืกืงืึธื™ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ. ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ืคื™ื ื›ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ืขื™ืขื›ื™ื“ืขืก ืืœ ืื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืืœ ืืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืข. ืกืข ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ, ืื– ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืฑืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืก'ืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ ื ืฒึทืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื• ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ, ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ. 

ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ื ืคืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ. 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืขื ืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ื™ืžื™ืจื™ืื–ืขื•-ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ 


11 


ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึท ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืืŸ ืžืข ื–ืึทืœ 
ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืืฒึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฐื•ืขื’ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึผืืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฐื™ื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ. ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืก ืึธืจืขืžืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืง ื›ืฒึทืงืœืก ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืื ื’ ืžืขืจ ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืจ, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท, ืื– ืขึถืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืก ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข, ืฐื• ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ. ืฐืฒื ืงืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืก ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ., ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึนืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืื–ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื. ืฆื™ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื’ืœื™ื ืฒึทืข ืžืฒึทืกืข, ืฆื™ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜? ืืฃ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื™ืคืŸ. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืงืฐืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžื™ืฆื•ืข. 

ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒื ืงืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื ืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธึท ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื›ืฒึทืงืœ, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜, 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืงื•ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึทืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ. ืขืคืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืงื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก. ืืฑื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ื™ืœืข, ื ืงืืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืื›ืข. 
ืงืœืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธืคืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืก. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื“ื™ืฉ. 

-- ื‘ืึธืจื•ืš ืื˜ื ืื“ื•ื™ืฉืขื, ืขืœื•ื™ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื”ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ื•ื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•, -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื˜, -- ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆืข' 
ื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ, -- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืคึผื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื ืคื™ื ืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, -- ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ืš" 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืžืื ื“ืขืœ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืกื™ื‘ืข, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืื”ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงืึธืœ ืจืึธื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, 
ื ืึทืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืจืื“ืข ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืืฃ ืึทื ืฆื•' 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจืฒื“ ื‘ืœืฑื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื, ื–ืืœ 
ืžืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ? 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืขืก, ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืข ืœื™ืฆืœืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ืš. 

-- ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืš ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

--' ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืกื˜ืขืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ื›'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ? ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขื ืกืŸ. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื ื™ืกื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ. 

-- ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, -- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ืกืŸ? 


72 


-- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜? -- ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœื“ื™ืง ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื ืข-ื’ืืก. 

-- ืฐืึธืก? -- ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืงื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜: -- ืื™ื– ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ? 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš? ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? 

-- ืจืขืคืึทืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ. -- ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื 
ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐื™ื ื˜. -- ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ืงืจื™ึดืข ืฆื• ืจืฒึทืกืŸ. ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฆื• ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

-- ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื. -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. -- ื ืคืฒึทื ืขื ื˜ืื›ืœืขืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก? ืคืืจืฐืขืŸ? 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ? 

-- ืืคึผืึทื ืขื. 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข, ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืืฑื™ืกืžืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก -- 
ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืžืึธื–ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืกืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืืฒึทื–ื™ืง ื“ืึธื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืกืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก -- ื‘ืขื ืืจื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืฉืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจ 
ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืžืึธื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก. 

-- ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ืฒึทืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึท ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜? -- ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™, ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

-- ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜? ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื" 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื•ืื™ื•ื•ืจืืš... ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒืกื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืžืขื ืื›ืขื ืึธืฐืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื. 

-- ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•, ื‘ื™ื– ื ื™ืกื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืืฐืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื–ืึธื’ ืืฃ ืื™ื, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขื ืื›ืขื ืึทืฐืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก. ืงื•ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืฒึทืœืข ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก? 

;ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืึทืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกืคึผืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืื•ื™ืกืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื™ึธื“ึตื™ืฉื‚ืฅ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืœื“ืื•ื•ืื ืงืข. 

-- ื“ืขืจืขื›ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ, ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ ืึทื›- 
ืจื™ืžืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืก ืžืืฉื‘ืขืจื’ืŸ, ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืคืึธืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืกืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜. ื›'ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื“ืึธืจืึธืก. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืงื- 
ืžืขืจ-ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื–ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื• ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืขื›ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื’ืึธืกืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึธืกืžืขืœื™ื˜. ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

ืฆื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ื™ืื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืึทื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืข 
ืœื•ื›ืขื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืขืœื™ืข ื•ืืงืึธื•, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ 


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ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื ืื›ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคืึทืœื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืŸ, ืงืœืฒื ืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืขื ืกื ืข-ื’ืœืขื–ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื›ืึทื›ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื˜, -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆึทื• 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืขื ืฐืึธื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ,ืขืžืขืก". ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืœืื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ืึธืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืงื™. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืขืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœืŸ. ืคืืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื‘ืขื ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืขื ืฐืึธื•ืก ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ... 

-- ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ. -- ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื ืฒึทืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืื™ืขื ืฐืึธืฐืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื ืฐืึธืจื˜. 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜, ื–ืข ืื™ืš, ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืžืื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืืœ ืจืขื’ืœ ืื›ืืก. ื ื•, ื’ื•ื˜, ืืœ ืจืขื’ืœ ืื›ืืก, 
ืื™ื– ืืœ ืจืขื’ืœ ืื›ืืก. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก? ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืข ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ืงืจื™ื’ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืื, ืื• ื›ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ืงืจืื ืง. ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜? ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื›ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš. 

-- ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึธืจืข. 

ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžืื ื˜ืœ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืฉืขื ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืงืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืง ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข ื ืึธื–ื˜ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ: 

-- ืื“ื•ื™ืฉืขื ื ืึธืกืŸ, ืื“ื•ื™ืฉืขื ืœืึทืงืืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ: 
ืžืื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืงืขืก, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืืœืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ ืึธื“ืขืก ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืขืก. ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฐื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜. 

-- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืขืก ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืืจืœืฒึทื“ืŸ ื ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš. -- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš, ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ึทืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฆื• ืึธื“ืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ื ื™ื˜. 

-- ื ืึธืš ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ืขืก. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธืš ืืฒึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืฐืขืžืขื ืก ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื–ืึธืจื’ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑืจืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืืžืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืืฃ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก. 

-- ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืก. ืึธืŸ ื›ืึธื›ืžืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ. -- ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข 
ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœืก ืงืœืืœ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฆื•, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžืืคื˜ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืœืฒึทืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ? 

-- ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืกืžื™ื›ืขืก ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื•ื•ืื ื˜. ื”ื•ืœืฒึทืคึผืึทืœื™ืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึทื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื“, 
ื™ืขืจืขืžื™ื™ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ. ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื“, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ื“ื™ื™ืข ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืขึถืจ ื ืงืึธืœ ื ืขื’ื™ื ืข, 
ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื™ื ื™ืึธืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจืึธื™ึดื ืฆื•ื ืึธืžืขื“. ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ื•ืœืฒืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ 
ืฆืื“ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื˜ืงืึธ ืžืื›ื ืึธืก ืงืจืฑื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืืงืึท- 
ื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืคึผื™ืงืฑืจืขืก. ื™ืึธืžืงื™ืคึผืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ื‘ืขืกืึธื“-ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืžืืฆืข. 


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-- ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš? 

-- ืืฒึท, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืขืก ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜? -- ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, -- ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, ื›ืืฐืขืจ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื ืข, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืœ. 

-- ื˜ืืง ืึธื˜. ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ื™, ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฒึทืžืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืœืฐื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš, 
ืฐื™ ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ื•ื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ื”ืึธืœืขื›ื.. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื˜ืืง ืึธื˜. 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืšื’ืืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืงืข. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจืขืฆืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™-ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืงืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืงืจื™ืงืก ื›ืขืฐ- 
ืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ, -- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก? 

-- ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฐื•ึผืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืขืœื˜. ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืœืืคึผ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. ืฉืฒึทืขืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืึธื ื™ืขืก. 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ืกืคึผืึธืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ืึทืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืงืกืœ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจ:ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึท- 
ื›ืขืจืขืฅ. -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืก ื“ืฒึทื’ืข, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™? ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืืฒึทืš, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜? 

ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจืขืฆืœ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ืื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ, ื ืžืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉืฑืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš: 

-- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ? 

ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ืก ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: 

-- ืงื•ื, ื›ืฒึทืงืœ. 

-- ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืคืขืœ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืก ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ื‘ื™ื˜ืข. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืืŸ- 
ืฐืขื˜ ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜. 

ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜. 

-- ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืœืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜. ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืกืืง 
ื’ื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ. 

-- ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืœืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืžืข? 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืขืฐืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ. 

-- ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืš 
ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืืฑืกืงืœืึธืจืŸ. ืกืฉื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืขืฐืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื›ืขืฐืจืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืœื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืฃ ื ืžืฒึทืœ. ื ืึธืจ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื - 
ืกืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜. 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, -- ืื™ื– ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื ืฒึท. ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื˜: 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ. 

-- ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก? -- ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ-ืื•ื™ื’ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ื' 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื–ื•ื™, ืื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜: -- ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืกืืง ื’ื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืคืขืœ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืขืจ. ืืœืฅ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ. -- ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืข ื ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืขืคืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืก, ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืข ืื™ื– ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืคืœืึธื– ื ืžืืš ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ: ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฐืขืšื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ื–ืขืŸ. 


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ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืื ื“ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข, ืื– ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึธื›ืจื™ืžืึธ, ืฐืฑื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืืฃ 
ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ ื ื›ืฉืื“. ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜, 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืœืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืืœืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืกื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขืšื ื™ื˜ื“ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. 

-- ืื™ืจ ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™? -- ืื™ื– ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. -- ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึท ื ื ืึธืฐื™, 
ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื’ืœืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, 
ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. -- ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. -- ื ื ืืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ื ืืจ. ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’, ืื– ื›ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขื™ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืžืขืกืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืจืขื’ืขืก ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื–ื›ื•ืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ. ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ืคืืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: 

-- ื ื ืืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื ื ืืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึธื›ืขื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืฃ ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ื ืขืœืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข. ืื™ืึธ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึทื›ืขื? -- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. -- ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืืจืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ? ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ื”ื? ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกืจืฒึทืกืขื ื™ืฉ? ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื– ืฐื•ึผ ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืš ืกืฒึทืฐื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›'ื–ืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ืึธืจื“ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืืจื˜ืœ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืง. 

ื‘ื ื›ืฒึทืงืœ ืฐืฒื™ื ืงืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื ืžืฒึทืœ,. ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก, 

-- ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื ืกืคืขืงื˜ืืงืœ, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ... 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ื”ืขื ืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื‘ื ื”ืขื ืขื›ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืžืœ, ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื’ืจืขื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืึธื˜ืื ื™ 
ืงืขืจ. ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ื”ืขื ืขืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ? ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืœื›ืšื ื™ื˜:ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื 
ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื–ื™ื ื“? 

-- ื”ื, ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ? 

ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืคืขืงื˜ืืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

-- ื”ืขื ืขืš ืขืจื“ื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ืื›ืžืขืŸ ืœืื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืึธื ื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื›ืขืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒืคึทึผืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื›ืžืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืงื•ืจืฆื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื”ืืœื‘ ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื ืคึผืึทืฐืขืกื˜ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจื™ืื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธ, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ืขืจืขืš ืืคืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ. ืžืข ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงื•ืจืกืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืžืขืจื™ื ืงืข 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธื“ื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืœืขืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืฃ- 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ. 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก, 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜, ื ื™ื– ืกืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ืข ืœืฒึทื˜. ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืŸ ืกืคืขืงื˜ืืงืœืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 
ื“ืึธ, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื–ืฒ. ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ 


70 


ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืืจืฐืฒึทืœื•ื ื’? ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืœื™ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš. 

-- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื‘ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ? 

-- ื˜ืืงืข ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืื ืงืขื•ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืจ- 
ืกืึธื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืคึผืขืงืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืฐืฑื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื 
ื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื ื˜ื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื ืฒึทืก. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื™ืขืฉึดื™ืฆ 
ืจื•ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืกื™? 

-- ื ื•, ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืก ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืœืื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผื- 
ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืืกืŸ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ื•ืœืฒึทืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง; 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึธื‘ื™ืœืขืจ ืžืื’ื™ื“. ื ืึธืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื• ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ืขืœืขื 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ. 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ื›'ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ? ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื”ืฑืฃ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืฒื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, 
ื•ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ, 

ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื ื™ืกื ื‘ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื• ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืื' 
ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคืืจื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืฉืึธืงืœ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื‘ืขืฉืืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ. - 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœ ืึทื›ืจื™ืžืึธืฐืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉืŸ. ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ื•ื›ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืจืขืคืึทืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืขืœื›ืฆืฅ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท. 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ ืฆื• ืคึผื™ื ื›ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข" 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืืœืคึผืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื™ืข ืื™ื ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง. 

-- ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืกืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื›ื•ื ื’. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’: 

-- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื‘ืืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืงืืœืึทืฉืŸ. -- ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: -- ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขื“ ืžืืŸ ื 
ืžืื ื˜ืœ, ื ื’ืืจื ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืฉื™ืš? ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก. 

ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™- 
ืกืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœื™ืกืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืืœืข ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืขื ืข. 

ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึทืง ื ื™ืกื ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื–ืืœืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ: 

-- ืงืึธืœื–ืžืืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ 
ืืฒึทืš ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึธืคืŸ 

-- ื ื“ืื ืง. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืขืก ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืื ืง 
ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืคืึธืขืœืŸ. 

ื‘ืื ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืืœืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืขื ืข ืงืืœืึทืฉืŸ ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ. 


(ืคืึทืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


ื ืฒึทืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 


ืคึผื™ื ื™ืข ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืงื™ืŸ 


ื’ื•ืœืื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื’, 
ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ. 


ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ. | 
| | ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœืŸ, 
ืึธ, ืฐื™ืคึฟืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืฉืืง ืื˜ ืขื™ ืงืข ื”ืข 
ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ื• 
ื–ื™ืงืึทืจืŸ 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื‘ึดื™ื– ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ 

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข. ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ืข. 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืžืึธืจื™ืืœ 


ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ื’ื–ื™ื™ืจืขืก 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. 


ืขืœื™ืข ื‘ืฒื“ืขืจ 


ืžื™ื :ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง ื ื˜ืึธื’, ื ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•, ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ? 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืจืขืง? 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืืŸ ืขืง? 


8 8 6 


ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืขืคื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื“ื• ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืกื˜, 
ืื– ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืคืืจืžืึธื’ืกื˜, 

ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืคืจืขืžื“, ืื– ื–ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง -- 

ื“ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืœ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜. 


57 78 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, 


ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก, 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ืื˜ืึธื™ึดื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš 


ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก. 


ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ืืš ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก: 
ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืœืืš, ื‘ืื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ, 


ื‘ืื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, 


ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืจืขืœื™ืื˜ื™ื•. 


ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื, 


ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฆืืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื. 
ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืžืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ, 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 

ืฆื•ื ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืขืžืขืก ืื™ื ืื ื˜ืœื™ื’ืŸ. 


ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผื™ื– 


ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืก'ืงืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ืฒึทืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืง-ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 


ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื ืงืœืึธืฐื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก: 


ืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืก ืืฒึทืŸ 


ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก, 


ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื–ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, 
ืื– ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก. 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 

ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ? 


ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜, 

ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื’, ืก'ืคืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื“ื™ืš ืฉืจืขืงื˜? 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืฆื™ ื’ื•ื˜ -- 
ืคืื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทืœืข, 

ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืก ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฃ ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ. 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืžืฒึทืœืขืก, 

ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ. 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื–ื”ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜, 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื , ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- 
ืขืจืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื’. 


ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ืืœื‘ืฆืขืคืืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืŸ. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืฆืขืคืืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- 
ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ. 


ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก ื–ื™ื’ื˜ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ 

ื‘ืืฐื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜: 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก, 
ืืœืฅ ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก. 


 ืŸืจื™ืžืจืืคื ื™ื ื™ืšโ€Ž  { 
.. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข,โ€Ž 1 ( 
0 ืœื™ื™ื–ื’ ื ืขืจโ€Ž : 


ื™ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข:ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืืฐื™ืข 


ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืฒื™ึทืฉื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื. ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 80 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, 
ื•ื•ืืงืกื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ,, ืฆื• ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืกืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื ืกืขืกื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืฑื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืื ืึธื›ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ โ€ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜, 


;ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 


ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ 


ืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืฑื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. 

ื‘ืืฐื•ืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืคึผืœืื ืžืขืกื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืŸื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ. ืืฒึทื - 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขื ื’ืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. 


ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืšื“ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ 


ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ืœ-ืื ืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืœืขืจืฉืคึผืจืึทื’ืจื- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸืŸ. 

ืฉืืคืŸ ื‘ืื ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™. ืงืจื™ืื’ืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, 

ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฆืึธืœ ืืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ -- ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. 


ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืจืื“ื™ึธืึธ, ืคึผืจืขืกืข 


ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืขื™ ืื•ืŸ ืจืื“ื™ืึธื™ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืืฆื™ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. 

ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืžื™ืงื™ืขืš ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืคึผืขืจื™ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืืฃ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ--ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ. 


ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 


ืฉืืคืŸ ื ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ ื‘ืื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืกืจ. 


5--187 80 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 


ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
,ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื", ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžืืจืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึธืœืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืื ืึธืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื" 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื 
ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืกืžืืœืงืข ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ -- ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ึดืขืกืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื‘? ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธื™ 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืข ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 7--12, 1988 ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž. 1--10, 1989. 


81 


ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืงืœืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื– ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืืฐืขืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืคึผืืก, ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืฆืจืขืก -- ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš? -- 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึนืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืจืฒื™ -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืงื›ืื ืืœื™ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก!.. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืงืœืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐ-ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒื™ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืกืืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืงื•ื™ื“ืขืžืงืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืืœืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืข, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ,ืฆื™ื™ื“ืข ืœืขื“ืขืจืขืš", ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื " 
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืก:ื›ืึธื›ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฒึทืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉืงืึธ 
ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ? ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ. ืืœืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ืืงืขื˜ืข 
ื™ืขื“ื™ืขืก, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืฒึทื ืข ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจืฒึท, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ,, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืกื˜ืจืืฉืขื˜, -- 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืกืืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜..." 

ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ึดืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืกืขืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ 
ืจืื ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืก, ื ืžื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒื™ืคื•ืก ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ื’ืขืืจื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืข ื ืขืฉืึทืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื, ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืฉืขืก, ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉืขืก, ืืžืขืจืืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฆืคึผืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจื™ึดืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขึถืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืงืึธืœ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืขืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืึตื™ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืข. ืฐืขื”ืึธืจืฒึทืข, ืึธื˜ ืฆืฐืฑืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืื ื”ืืžืึธื•ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ, ื‘ื 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื›ืกื™ืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฐื™ืงื˜, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’. 

ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืขื›ืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืก, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืœืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืคืึทื ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืžื“ืœืขืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื”ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืœืขืš, ืœืื ื’ืข ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ื”ืืœื“ื–ืงื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืขืจืข ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืข ืกื™ื’ื ืขื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆื ืึธื’ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืข" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืงื ืืคึผืข ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึธื ื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื– ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืงืขืœื™ืฉืขืงืœ ื‘ืจืื ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื’ืื–ืขื˜. ื™ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ!" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐื•ืจืจืื ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื’ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ... ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืœื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื ืขื ืขื ืืฑื’? ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืืคืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืื’ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืœื‘-ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืขืงื•ื™ืœ ืจืึธื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืœืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, 


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ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ -- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืŸ" 
ื ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ืœืขื ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ 
ืคึผืึทืคึผืึทื•! ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืฆื•ื™ื™-ื“ืจืฒึท ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื", -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืฒึทืงืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ื˜ืœื˜, ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืืคืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื•ืฉื™ื“", ,ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™", ,ื–ืฉื™ื“ืึธื•ื•" -- ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคื- 
ืกืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื™ืจืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜-ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆื•ืจื•ืงืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ. ืคึผืืฐืึธืœื™ื ืงืข, ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืคืŸ 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืœืขื. ืืœืขืžืึทืœ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜-ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื ืขื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ื’. ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜, ืขึนืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ืขืก 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ? ,ืึท! ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜!.." ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš: ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ? ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื ืืกื˜ืื, ืื– ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึทืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึธ. , ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ 
ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื’ืื–ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืœืึธืกื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืึทืกื˜ื ืื™ ืฉืจื™" 
ื‘ืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื™ืขื ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง..." 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึธืœืึธืกื˜ื ืึธื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื’ืึธื‘! ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืึธึทื ื’ืขืฉืคืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืึทืจืื˜ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ื ืื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืจื™ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืขืฅ 
ืืฃ , ื“ื•": 

-- ื–ืึธื’ ื ืึธืจ, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืงืึทืจืฉื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืฉื™ื“? 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืœืขื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื•" 
ื ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธึทืฐ-ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืจืฑื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืคืืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืก. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ื 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืืก ื ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื‘ืืœื“ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื", ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืฅ ืคึผืืกื- 
ื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ ื ืึธืšืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข , ืฆื“ืึธื“ื™ื" ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ืฆื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืกืื-ื”ืืžืึธื•ื•ืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืก ืืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’. 

ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืืŸ" 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธื“? ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ืืจืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื‘ืœืืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ,ืฆืื“ ืฉืขืงืขื ืขื’ืขื“' ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืคืฉืคึผืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื ื›ืืคึผ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜- 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืข. - ืึธื˜ ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืœ ืžืขื–ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืืฒึทืŸ ื›ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœ (ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืœืฒึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทื ืขื) ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืื ื˜- 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฆืฐืขืง ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื ื™ืฆืข, ืืคืŸ 
ืงืจืืกื’ื™ ืงืจืขืกื˜, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืจืข, -- ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื”ื? ืื™ืึธ, ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืฒื™ื’ื˜? ืื™ืึธ? 

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื“ืึธื“ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื™ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜. 


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-- ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืื“ ืฉืขืงืขื ืขื’ืขื“, ื“ืืคืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืœึดืคึผืŸ, ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืฆื™ืŸ, -- ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืื ืกืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจืขื ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืึทืจืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข-ืœืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜... 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื•ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆืื“ ืฉืขืงืขื ืขื’ืขื“: โ€ ืื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืกืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ? ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜?!." 

ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื ืึธื“ืœ ืื™ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ืคึผืก -- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ... 

,ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื™ืคื˜, ืกื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืœืข 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืืฒึทื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืจื•ื™ืง, ืึทืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืขืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืจ, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืง ืฆื• ืขืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜!." 

ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื›ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืขื“ืขืจืขืš ืื’ืขืฐ, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฒึทืก, ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืกื•ืจืข... ื“ืึธืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ", ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ-- ืฆื• ืืจืฑื™ืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ... 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื ืžื•ืžืึธืจ ืœืขื”ืื›ืขืก 


ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื", ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธ- 
ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ึทืึธืกืง ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืื–ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ืึธืกืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืื•ืŸ -- ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš 
ืžืขืจ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืขืคึผืœ; ,ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื ื“ืข ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื’ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืงื•ื™ืคื˜ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™- 
ื ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืืฃ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผืฒืกืขืš, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืžืฒึทืกืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ..." 


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ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืืœืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืคึผืœ: ,ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžื•ืžืึธืจ ืœืขื”ืื›ืขืก!" ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื’ืืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืขืฉืžืื“ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ื ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ื˜. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึทืคืื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืžื•ืžืึธืจ 
ืœืขื”ืื›ืขืก... 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืคืขื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืงืœืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืข- 
ืจืืฉื ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: 

,ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ! 

ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทืงืจื•ื–ืฉื ืข ืกื•ื“. ื–ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืขืจืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื ืขื ืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ" 
ืœืื ื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื’ืจื™ื ืกืงื™, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืš, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืืœืก 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืžืขืกืข ืืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืขื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜. ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 
ื™ื™ึธื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืึธื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื”ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืืฆืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื™ึธื“ืŸ, ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืŸ" 
ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืš ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืžืขืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืงืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืื™ื ืขื 
ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข. ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืืงืขื˜ื– ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืฆืฐื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื•ืกืขืจ 
ื ืขืคืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉืืžืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ --ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืื– ืคืืจื’ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืกื•ืคึผืขืง, ื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื˜ืจื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืื•ื‘ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืŸ -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืกื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืœืึธื– ื ื™ื™ื“ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืจืขื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืœืึธื–ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืฃ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืคืื ืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืข ื›ื" 
ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืข ,ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ". ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 


ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก". 


,ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก? ืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืขืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฐืจืึธื-ืœืฒื™ื‘ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ื“ื™ ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื•ื•ืœ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœืก 
ืžืืžืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื’ืœื™ื“ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืก ืคืขืจื“ืก ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ืฉื˜ืขืงืขืœืข..." ืคืืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื˜ืฉ ืื–ืฉ ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜: ,ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืžืืœืข ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื›ืื™ื›ื! ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืœืฒื–ืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ?.. ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ืคื•ืŸ- 
ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒืจืข? -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงื•.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฑื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื–ื™ 


89 


ืจื•ื™ึดืง, ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ! ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืก- 
ืžืืœืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜! ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ,ืื•ืคื™ืจ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜! ื ื›ืืจืคึผืข! ื ื‘ื•ืฉืขื• 
ื ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ!." 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื–ืฐืึธื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืขืก, ืžื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืขื. ืžื™ื™ืœืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื™ ืกืกืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืจืึธืคึผื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, 
ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธื•ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขื ื›ืฉืื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื™ืœ ืžืื›ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืงื•ื ืฅ, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ... ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืกืื›ืืงืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื’ืขืžื•ืกืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ื™ื™ึธื“... 

ืึทื ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื“ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืืคืข, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื‘ืฒึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื ื ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, -- ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื›ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืžืงื•ืงืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืŸ-ืงืืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืฅ, ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืœ 
ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืขืงืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืจืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืจืขื“ื˜. ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืงืึธื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™... 

ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•"ื”ื. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื’ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืขืจื’ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืื•ืŸ, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ื”ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื? ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฐืฑื - 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธึทื›ื˜ ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ื™ื™ึทื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฆื™ื ืงืข 
ืคื™ืกืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ. 

-- ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก? ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก ืื™ื–ื• 

ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึทื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืกืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืืฅ, ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืงืขืฆืขืœืข, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืžืขืงืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ืขืจ ืืŸ 
ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืขึถืจ. 

-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืกืŸ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืžื˜ ืืฃ ืงืขืฆืขืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืืœืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ื›ื™ื™ื›ื™? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืข ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก. -- ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš! ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 


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ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืข... 

-- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ื˜ืื˜ืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื•, ืงืขืฆืขืœืข! ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก. 

-- ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืขืคึผืขืก, ื›ื™ื™ื›ื™? -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืกืึธืคืงืึธืœืกืึธืฃ ื’ืข" 
ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธืจื›ืŸ ืื™ื. -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืžืื›ืฉืžืฑื ื™ืง, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืก! ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜ ืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขื ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ื ืก ื ืžื™ื“ืœ, ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื• ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ื˜ืึธื›"ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืืœืข ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก... 

-- ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ! ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก! -- ืฉืœืึทื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืžืขืงืœืขืจ, ื ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ. -- ืฆื• ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜, ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ื ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึท ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ. ืฉืื“ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืคืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืข" 
ืจืขืœืข ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก. ื‘ื ื‘ืขืจืขืœืข ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธึท ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ -- ืื™ ื ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืœ, ืื™ ื ืกืืš 
ื ืื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื’, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืงืืก ืฆื• ืืœืข ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื˜?. 

-- ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, -- ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื‘ืขืš, ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืืจื•ืคืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, --ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจืขืœืข ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืืฃ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืก. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ... 


87 


-- ืžื™ื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆืฐืฐื™, ืฆื•ืก 
ืกืึทืฃ ืื™ื– ื ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจ ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ. ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื•, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืœ, ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ 
ืงืขืฆืขืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ.. ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืžืข 
ื›ืื‘ืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก, ื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืฒ? 
ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœืึธื– ื˜ืฒ... ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžืืŸ 

-- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ? ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืขืจ? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. -- ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ืœืขืš. ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ? 

-- ื ื™ื™ืŸ,. ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ 
ืจืขื“ืŸ. -- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก, ืื– 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ืฉืื“ื›ื ื˜. ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื? 

-- ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก? ื›ื™ื™ื›ื™, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜. -- ืื•ื™, ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื™ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื 
ื ืื›ื˜, ื›ื™-ื›ื™, ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ. ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: 
ืื– ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ืœื™ื‘, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื›ืข. ืืœื–ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ -- ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข? ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืœืข? ืฆื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ? 

-- ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. 

-- ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜, -- ืžืื›ื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒ, -- 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื : ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืคึผืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื›ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืจืืฐืึธื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืข". ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืก". ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš: ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ,ื’ื“ื•ื™ืœื™ื" ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืึธื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื•ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืืฃ ืคึผื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืฐื•ึผื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืืจืขื•ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืœึตืฆึธื™ 
ืžืื ื”ืืฉืขื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื... 

ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื–ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ื™ืงืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื•ื™ืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึทึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื™ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ืคึผืึท ืขื˜ืืคึผื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื™ืึธืจ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงื™ืŸ ืžืึธื”ื™ืœื™ืึธ, โ€ ืงืฒืŸ 
ืฉืงืœืึทื•', ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืขืš ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืกืฐืึธืจืข, ืืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ืืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึผืขืงืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื“-ื’ืื“ื™ืึธ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืฐ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทื›ืขื. ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื• ื‘ื ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืงืœืขืš, ื , ื“ื™ืขืœืข" ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื ืžืืงืข ื ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืขืจ.. ื ืึธืจ ืฉื! ื–ืขื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืขื”ืึทืœืข ืคึผืœื™ืฆืขื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข? ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึทื‘ืœืืฐืข?.. ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ! ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœืงืึธื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฐืึธืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผืืจืขืก ืฉืœืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืขื•ื•ืก ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืึทืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื”ืึท ืฉืžืฒึทืึธ ืจืื‘ืึท. 


6 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืšื“ืงืืคืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืืœืื’ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืฅ. ืืœืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆ' 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืจืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืข: ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืฅ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืžืฒืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืŸ ืฐื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 


58 


ืื•ืŸ ืืฒื ืฆื™ืงืฐืฒึทื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ืฉืืกื˜ืึธืง ืืจืฒึทืŸ -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ. 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื˜ืฉืืกื˜ืึทืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื›ื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืืœ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ,ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืขืก" ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ,ืจืขืฐื™ื–ื™ืขืก" 
ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืขืก ื™ืขืžื™ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ืฉื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ื ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืึธื‘ืœืืฐืข ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึทึผื™ื“ 
ืžื•ื™ื ืขืก. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ืข ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืŸื“ืงืืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจื–ืฉืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืืงืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฃ-ืคึผืึธืกืœื“ื™ืงืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ ืœืืคึผื™ื“ื•ืกืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืืจื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื ืกืืš ืžืขืจ ืจืฑื‘ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜: ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“, ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืขืฉืืก ื‘ืขื”ืึทืœืข ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜, ืื– ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื ืงืึธืฉืขืจืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขืงืœืขืจ ืงืขืฆืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ 
ืงืขืฆืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฆืขืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ึดืขืก ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืงืจืื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืืฃ ื ื“ืื˜ืฉืข ื‘ื ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืฃ 
ืขืœืคึผืื™ึดื ื ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืžืื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื‘ื™ื›ื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื–ืึธื™ืขืŸ... ืงืขืฆืข- 
ืœืขืก ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืคื™ืงืื ื˜ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฑืจืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื‘ื™ื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ -- ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืฉ ืืจื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื•. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืฐืึธืจื™ืื ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื™ 
ืคึผืึธื•ื•, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงืึธืœ: 

-- ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื•? ืฐื™ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืื”ืขืจ? 

-- ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืฐ! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš, ื ืึทืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืฒึท ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ: ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ื ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก? ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืก'ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื”ืขืจืขืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฑื’ ืืฃ ืืฑื’. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืคืขืฉ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ-- 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ื‘ื ืื™ื, ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ... ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืืฑืกืฆืึธื’ืŸ;: ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื˜ืจื- 
ื’ื™ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ 


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ืจืึธืžืืŸ... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื ืคืึธืจื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื ื“ืข ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึนืœืคึดึผื™ 
ื˜ืึทืขืก ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคึผืฑืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืืคึผ ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืกืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื›ืืกืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื ื™ืง: 

-- ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืฐืึธืจื™ืื ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ 
ื’ืึธืจื™ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื•, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉื˜ืฉืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืžืึทืฑืฉืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืึธืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื’ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืฆืข ืืฃ ืคึผืฒืกืขืš.. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื’ื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜. ืื– ืกืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผ ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจืฒ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึทืฐืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ, ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืขืคึผืึทืคึผื™ื™ืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก'.. ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืืคืŸ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืืฐืึทื–ืฉื™ื˜ืขืœืกื˜ืฐืึธ. ืื•ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืจื- 
ื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึทื•ื•, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืฆืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ื™ืึทืจ ืืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืึทืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึธื ืžืื›ืŸ? ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื”ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐื•ึผืข, ืื– ืคืืจืŸ ื™ืืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจ ื ื’ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื ืฐืขื˜ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื™ืจืขื ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ืึท ื ื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึทืจ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ... 

ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื. ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงืืคึผื•ืฑืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืืก. ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืึทื™ึดื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืืฐ ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ: 

-- ื ื•? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜? ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืฉื ืข ืกื˜ืื•ืงืฅ" 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข? 

ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ืคืืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ. 

-- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึธื˜ืฉื ืข ืกื˜ืืฐื•ืงืข! ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืคึผืœืขื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจืข 
ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ! ืฐืึธืจืขื ื˜ืึทืžืขืจ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืืจืขืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืข- 
ืฉื•ื’ืึทื™ึดื-ื”ืฑื–... 

ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžืฑืœ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ, ืื™ื ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืึธืœืข ืงืืก ืฐืขื›ืึธืžืข. 

-- ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืš! ืงืืจื’ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืšืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื ื™ืืงืŸ! ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ! 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ืื™ื ื ืฉืžื™ืฅ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืื“ื–ื™ืจืื˜ืขืœืขืก, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, -- ืื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™- 
ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื - 
ื“ืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืืฃ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืฉื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืคึผืœืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ? ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ? ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืงืจืึทืจ? ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“, ืื– ืžืข 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืคึผืืก, ืคืืจ ื ืžืื ื™ืืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขื, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื˜ืืงืข, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉื’ืึทื™ึดื- 
ื”ื•ื™ื– --ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ: ื ื™ื™ืŸ!' ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• 


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ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ื›ืืฐืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ืฐืื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•. 
ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผ ืื”ืขืจ? ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื“ืขืคึผืขืฉ? ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืจื™ื•? ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืืŸ. ืžืข ื‘ื. 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืงืœืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืคึผืืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึทืžื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ื ืืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ึดืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ื 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก. ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸืŸ.. 


ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืขืœืฆื•ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“, ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืจื 
ื ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืฉืขืจื˜ื", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜.. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืฐืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉืขืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ืกืงื™ ืคึผืจืขื“- 
ืฐืึธื“ื™ื˜ืขืœ ื“ืฐืึธืจื™ืื ืกื˜ื•ื•ื, -- ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื•. 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืข ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืืœ ื“ืื˜ื™ื™ืคืขืก... 


ื‘ืขื™ึดื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื–ื ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืื˜ืฉืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืฐืฒึทืกืข ื ืืงื™ื“ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืฒื™ื˜ืข 
ืืจื‘?, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ืึทื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ,ืคืื ื™ื˜ืฉ" ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืื“ืื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืงืขืกืœ, ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืฑืจืขื“ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืขืกืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขืงืœ ื“ืขืจืข- 
ื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืข, ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืจืึธืคึผืคืืœ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืœื˜, ืคืืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืขืจืœ, ื’ืึธืœื“, ื–ื™ืœ- 
ื‘ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขื ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืื“ืœืขืก, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขื“ื™ื™ืข ืฐืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ืžืืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกื™ื“ ืจืขื‘ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ืฆืขืคึผื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข. ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื–ืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืžืึธืœ ื ืจืขื“ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึธืจ ืื ืฆื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืžื•ืคืœืขื’ ื‘ืขื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื ื’ืึธืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, 
ื ืจืึธืฐ ื‘ืขื›ืึธืœ ื˜ืคื•ืฆืขืก ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ. ื›ื-ื›ื! ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืจืึธื•, ืึธืŸ ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉืึทื‘ืขื ืขืจ 
ืžืึธืจื“ืข! ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ืืคืฆื•ืœืึทื›ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขึถืจ ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื–ืขืกืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืขืžืึทืœ, ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ื›ืฑื–ืขืง. ืขืจ ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ: 
,ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ื–, ืžื•ืžืขื ื™ื•". ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืžื•ืžืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื? ืืœืข ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ ,ืžืื“ืื" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื”ืืกืึธื’ืข ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืžืข, ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ืžืขื ื™ื•! -- ืืŸ ืื–ืขืกืคึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื˜ื•ืืง! ื ื• 
ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื ื•, ื™ืึธืจืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ืจืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ึทึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ื“ืึท 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืึทืœ -- ืึธืžื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืขืก, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืŸ- 
ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื›ืื™ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืืฐืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข- 
ืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ -- ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก! 

ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืกืึธืจืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืฐืขื’ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ -- ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก -- ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืื• ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฉืึธ, ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืก ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆืื“, ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืื“ื™ืขื˜. ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืžืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืืจื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืืœ ืื•ืงืœืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจื™ื ืฐื™ ืึธื˜ 


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ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ืฉืฒึทื ื“ืขืœืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก.. ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืŸ? ื–ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ืืš. ื–ื™ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื™ืฆืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืžืข ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ื ืจืฒึทื›ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื–... 

ืื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืึธืจืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจ. 
ืœื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืฒื™ืกืึธืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื ื•ื’! ืื›ื•ืฅ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืขืงืœ ืคืืจ ืงืึตืœ ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคึผืขืงืœ. ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™, ืกืึธืจืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ. ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ื”ืื ื˜ ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืคื•ืก ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืฒื™ื“ืขืจ!.. ืืคึผืึธื ืขื ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜? ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ื ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ, ื ืฉืืงืจืขืŸ, ื ืงืื–ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืก, ื 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืึทืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืกื˜ืข ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื”ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืจืื‘ืึทื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืกืึธืฐื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›.. 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืก? ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืฆืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืงืืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืกืึธืฐื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ื ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื’ืฐื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืจืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืžืขื’ ื’ืœืฒื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉื•ืžืขื“ - ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข? ื 
ื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ?.. ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืึธืจ! ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืฑืคึผื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื ืฒึทืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ... ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืฑื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืจื 
ืจืื -- ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื™ืœืื˜ืšื“ืฉืืžืขืก? ื ืจืขืฉื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืจืขืก! ืžืึทืœื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืกืื™ื– 
ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ืขื•ืข ื ื™ื“ ื ืœืขืžืขืฉืงืข, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื ืืฃ ื ืงืืคึผืึธืจืข. ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ... ื ืึทืจ ื’ื™ ืจืขื“, ืื– ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจื›ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข. ืกืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืžืขืŸ ื ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื›ืืจืคึผืข, ื ื‘ื•ืฉืข ืคืืจ ืœืฒึทื˜ืฃ ื˜ืฑื‘ืข ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ, 
ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ -- ื›ืืกืฐืขืฉืึทืœืขื! ื–ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืคืืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืกืึธืงื™ื... 

-- ืึธื˜, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื•ื™ืžืข ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, -- ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึธืจื•ืš ื”ื• ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฒื“, -- ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื”ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ื˜ืขื’, ืืœืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ื ืึทืจ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜, -- ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืกื•ื™ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš: ืฉื•ื™ืฉื•"ืฉื•, ืฉื•ื™ืฉื•-ืฉื•ื•.. 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ืฉืึธ -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืึธื“, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ืกืึธื“? ืืœืข ืฐืฒืกืŸ ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืขื›ื”ืืฉืขื, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืžืื›ืขื˜ื™ื™ืกืข, ืคึผื™ื“ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืืฐื•ึผื™ึดื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืื“ืข ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืžืืคืงื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื™ืขื ืขื -- ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกืคืึธืจื, ืกืฒึทื“ืŸ ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข, ืžืขืกื•ืงืŸ ืงืจืื ืง, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึผื™ืงื•ืขืš ื ืขืคืขืฉ... ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืกื“ืงืืœืข, ืื™ื–, ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืึธืคืขืง, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื“ืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืื–ื™ 
ืึธืคืŸ, -- ืืœืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื›ื ื™ืคืข, ืื•ืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžืขื’ ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืืฒึทืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืข- 
ืฉืึทืžืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื ืงืืคึผืึทืจืข ืคืืจ ืงืึธืœ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืขืก ืคืึธืจื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื•ืš ื”ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืœืขืง, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–, -- ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐืึธืจื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืžืข ื˜ืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, -- ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืกืึทืจืข-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืื™ืจ ืžืขื’ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืื•ื™ืš, -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ.. ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื ืงืืคึผืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก, ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš. 

-- ื ื“ืื ืง, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, -- ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกืึธืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืงื™ื 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื ืก. 
ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ, ืฆื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜. -- ืฐืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ื˜ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ื•, ืœื™ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ? 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ? ื“ืึธ ื’ืฒื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื“ืึธ ื’ืฒื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึทืจ ื“ืึธืก... 


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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื ืฆืขืงืึทื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ. 

ืกืึธืจืข ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: ื–ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™, ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜... 

-- ืฐืขืกื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืงืืคึผืœ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ื˜ืฑื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื ื•ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื‘ืื“ืื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืงื•ืง, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™: 

-- ื’ื•ื˜, ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืึธื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœื•ื™ืžืขืจืฉื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื˜, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืจ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš, ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš 
ืฉืขืœ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜!.. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ืื– ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜, ื˜ืึทืžืขืจ, ื›ืึทืœื™ืœืข, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืš 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืœืขืžืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืฆืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืฐืขืง --,ื ืงืืฉืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ึทื“ืฃ." 

-- ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ืœื™ื , -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขื’ืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื ื•ืกืขืš, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, - ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑืฐืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ืึทื˜ืฉ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืกืœืึธื™ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก! 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืœืึธื™ ืื™ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ืืœื‘ืข, ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข (ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฑื™ื‘ืข ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฑื’). ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืœืึธื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืกืึทืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื‘ืึทืžื‘ืข ื ืกืœืึธื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง?.. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืื’ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธืจืข ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื ืึทื›ืืžืึธืœ ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืกืœืึธื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ืืจื•'ืก ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 
ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉืŸ.. 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืœื•ื™ืคื ื“ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืคืŸื™ืกืœื•ืคึผืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื’ื™ื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืก ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืืœืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข 
ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืฅ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื ืึทืขื ื˜.. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื’, ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืื™ืืฅ, ื ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืšืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, -- ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜. ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš, 
ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืืžืฆืึธืขืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืฆื˜ ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืขื”ืึทืœืข-ื ืื›ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ 
(ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื ืฐืึธืงื–ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืœืคึผื™ ืžืขืœื™ืฆืข: ,ืื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ", -- ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืืง" 
ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉื ืฒึทื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ,ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘.." ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก - ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื 
ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ... 

ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืจืข 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืจืื ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืœื˜ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก 


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ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืข ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืฒื“ื ืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืข 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ืคื•ื ืขื ,ืงื ืขืคึผืœ', ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฉืฒึทื ืข" (ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืข 
ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ..). ,ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ื•ื˜, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜, ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืขืกืขืจ!" -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืขืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜: , ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜!." 
ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง', ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืคืงืข ื’ืข 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืœืขืก, ืืœืขืก. ,ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš ืืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ", -- ื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืก. ื‘ืขื˜ื™, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง , ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ', ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืืœืข ืฐืฒึทืœืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ... 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืฆึท: 
ื“ื™ื ื’. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ื“ืขื ,ืงื ืขืคึผืœ' ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืฑืฉืฒึทื ืข' ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึทืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืขืžืขืกืŸ ืฉืขืจืœืึทืง ื”ืึธืœืžืก ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ืžืืžืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ื™ืขืคื™ื™ืคืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžืืฉืงื ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืจืขืคึผืงืึธื•ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืฒึทืก, ื ืึทืจ ื ืกืืš ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ื 
ืฐื•ืฒึทื–ืŸ, ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ... ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืืฉื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผืงืึทืฐื, 
ื”ืึธึทื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื ืขืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึท- 
ืœืึธื“ืงืขืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœื“ 
ืืฃ ืžืืฉืขืก ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืžืืงืืจ ื–ืฉืขืจืขื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืจืœืึทืง ื”ืึธืœืžืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืšืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ื”ืฑืฉืฒึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขื ืข ื“ืจืึธื˜ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืึธืกืŸ, ืžืืงืืจ ื–ืฉืขืจืขื‘ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ.. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืืงืืจ ื–ืฉืขืจืขื›ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืื ื“ืข ื’ืื ืึธืฐื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื™ื’ืื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืฑื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืื ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื’ืจื™ื ืกืงื™ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื’ืจืึธื ืืฃ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ... 
ืžืืงืืจ ื–ืฉืขืจืขื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืืœืข ื›ืขืฐืจืขืœืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืกื™ื™ืกืขืง ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืก-ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื•ื˜ืึท- 
ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ... -- ื”ืืงืœืืœ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืืฃ ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืขื ืงื• 
ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš? ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’. ื ืงืœื™ื ื™" 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜, -- ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง, ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืœ, ื‘ืึธื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ืŸ.. ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ -- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจืข (ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื›ืกื•ืจืข). ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข? ,ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืžื™ึดืขืกืข ืžืฒึทืกืข -- ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึทืคืŸ. ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืคึผืข ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ!.." ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื ืฒึทืก, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื•ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืงืึธืคึผ: ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš -- ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ืฆื• 
ืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืฒืฆืึทื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื–ื ื–ืืš? ,ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื 
ื‘ืจืขืง? ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึทืฃ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, -- ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืึธื˜ 
ืื–ื ืงืืคึผืขื˜ืฉืงืข, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืžืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ื–ืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืกืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื›ืฑื–ืขืง ืฉืขื‘ืขื›ื•ื™ื–ืขืง ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื.." 

ื‘ืขื˜ื™' ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืงืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืึทืฉืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืคึผืื™ืืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ืข ืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืจืึธื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืืฃ ืžืึทืจื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืจื™ื’. 


6 04 


-- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, -- ืก'ืื™ื–, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฉืขืจ ืœืึท ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืึธ ืืฐืึทืกืฒื ื•ื•.. | 

-- ืื™ืš ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฒึทืš, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึดื™ื“ืขื ืœืึธืฉืŸ, -- ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืจืื›- 
ืžื™ื, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื ื’ืื–ืœืขืŸ. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืึธ, ื˜ืฒึทืขืจื™ื ืงืข, ื“ืขืจ ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืืฒึทื " 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื”ืืจื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืจื‘ืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืงืขืจ, ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืคืึธืจื˜ ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจื•ืฃ, ืคืฒึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ: ืข! ืกื˜ืึธืจืึทื ื™ืก, ืจืขื‘ื™ืื˜ื!.. 

ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฐื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืขืจืœืึทืง ื”ืึธืœืžืก 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš -- ืื•ืŸ ,ืงื•ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื™, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื•ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงื ื•ืคื™ืข.." ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืงืœืืคึผ, ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืž- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜: 

-- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจืœืึธืง ื”ืึธืœืžืก ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืืฐื•ืขืืฆืžื•ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึธืกืขืจ:ืฐืขื“ืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื“ื™ื’ืื“ื™ืึธ ืืจืฒึทืŸ. 
ืžืข ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. ืืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืืœ ื“ืื˜ื™ื™ืคืขื˜ ืื˜ืคื•ืขืš"... ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 
ืื–ื•ื™: ,ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืจ -- ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ.." ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฆืขืงืฒึทืขื˜?. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš: ืžืข ื˜ืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืกืฉืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื™ืฆืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืฆื• ื ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึท- 
ืงืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืœืึธื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืคืฒึทื ืงื•ื›ืŸ, ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ -- ืฉืขื ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืšืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื”ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ืŸ-ืœืื ื“, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ื’ืึธืžืœืงืขืก, ื 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืฑืœ -- ืื– ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜, ืคืืœืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืฅ ืœืขื–ืข ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืืŸ ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ... 

-- ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืคึผืืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ, -- ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ. 

-- ืกืœื•ืฉืื™ื•ืก! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ 
ืงืึธื–ื™ืจืึธืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืžื™ืขืกืŸ ืคึผืกืืง, ืืŸ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืคึผืขืก ืคึผืืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื– 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื•ืขืงื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ... . 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก? 

-- ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืื™ืืฅ, 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื ื˜ืข ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ 


ืืŸ ืื“ืฐื•ืึธืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐื•ืึทืงืื˜ืŸื™ืœืื ื“ 


ืื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ืืจื˜ ื 
ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกื•ืจืคึผืจื™ื–: ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื”ื•ืจ" 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื ,ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ืŸ-ืœืื ื“". ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืงื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืืœืขืžืึธืœ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, -- ื ืฒึทืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืขื ื˜ ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืข, ืื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœ 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธื•ืฉืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก. 
ืืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ 
ืืคืŸ ื ืฒึทื–ืšืื•ืŸ-ืฆื•ื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื ืฒึทืก;: ืื– ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื“ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ื‘ื ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 


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ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื›ืืฐืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื’ืจื™ื ืกืงื™. 

ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข, ืœืขืžืฒึท ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืื˜ืฉืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜, ืื– ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืึท ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืœืฆื™ 
ื“ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืืจ!. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืกื™ืื“ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืžืขืกืŸ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ: , ื“ืื˜ืฉืข-ื“ืื˜ืฉืข! 
ื“ืื˜ืฉืข-ื“ืื˜ืฉืข!" ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒื™ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ. ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื: ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื‘ืขื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ; ื ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœ, 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืขืœืข, ื ื’ืœืขื–ืขืœืข ืžื™ืœืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืืค 
ื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื• ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขื‘ืขืจืœืขืš. ืื™ื™ืขืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืขืก. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื“ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืคึผืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขื˜. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื–ืœ ืงืื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ -- ื’ืขื ื•ื’. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฒึทืก, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื•ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืฐื™ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ืขื–ืฉื ื•ื™ื ืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืžืืคืงื™ืจ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ... 

-- ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? --ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื ื ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœืฒึทืกื˜, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžืฒื›ืœ. -- 
ืฆื•ืœื™ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ? ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืื– ื ืึทืจ ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืœ? ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื–... 

ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจืฒืŸ- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืืจื˜, ื‘ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜-ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืคืจืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืฒืกื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืกื•ืจืข ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืคื™ืœืข ืืคืŸ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืž 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืก ื”ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืš"ืฉืคึผืจืืš. 
, ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืก ืคืืจ ืื™ื“ืขืก ื–ื™ื™, 
ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ, ื“ืืคืงืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ื•ืจ!" 

ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ,ืื“ื™ืข!" ืื•ื•ืขืง, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜ 
ืื”ืขืจ... ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื– ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคื™ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžื™ืฒื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืฒืŸ 
ืคึผืขื ืขืžืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื™ืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจื™ื!.. 

ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืก ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื’ืขืœืฒึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ืžืฆื•" 
ืฉืคึผืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“; 

-- ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืงืœ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜! ืคึผืืก- 
ืงื•ื“ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ! ื ืึทืจ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- ื“ืึธืก ืคืข! 
ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืœืฆื“ื™ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜. ื ื™ื™ื“ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืœืื›ื˜... 

ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื”ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืคึผืœืืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืžืข ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜, ืืœ-ืงื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ืŸ"ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ ื ืึธืžืœืงืขืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื– ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜, ืคืืœืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ. 

-- ืžื™ืžืึธื ืขืคืฉืขืš, ืื– ืžืข ืคืึธืจื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ! 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜! -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
- ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืขื ืข: 
-- ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–? 


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-- ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืžื•ืžืขื ื™ื•, ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–! 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื ื–ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืกืึธืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืคืจื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ 
ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืคึผืข.. ืื– ืกืึธืจืขืฅ 
ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜: ,ื ืื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ! ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืจื™ื™ืคืข.. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ืŸ -- ื”ืืœืขืฐืฒึท ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ!" ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืขื‘ืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืืœืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื, 


ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื™ ื ื‘ืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืœืึธืงืฉื ื‘ืจืขื˜, ืึธืŸ 
ื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ืš"ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืกืง, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขื‘ืขืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ, ื ื“ืืจืขืจ, ื ื‘ื•ืœืื ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข -- ื ืงืึทืžื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืžื™ืฉืข, ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ืŸ-ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฑื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก. ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ 
ื’ืึธืžืœืงืขืก, ืฐื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ืื– ืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข ื“ืจืฒึท ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืืฒื ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ืจืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆืขืจ-ื”ืืžืฒึทืกืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคึผืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืœืึธืง ื”ืึธืœืžืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืคึผื™ืŸ- 
ืงืขืจื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื•ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืฒื›ืขืจืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ืงืฒึทืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœึดื™ืคึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืงืœืขืŸ ื‘ืฒืกืžืฒึทืกืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืคื•ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืื– ืœื•ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’, ืื•ืคืฆื•ึผืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ -- ืื•ืคืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข. ืื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ืขื’ ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื›ื•ืขื•, -- ื–ื™ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, -- ืžื™ืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื ืึทืš ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืคืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืคึผื ืึธื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื ืืจื™ืฉ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืื– ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื– 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืฒึทืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืข, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื• ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก-ืึธ. 

ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืš ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ื 
ื ืฒึท ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืก?. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ืึธื’ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื™ื™ืœืข ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื–... 

-- ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒืœื™ืฅื™ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ? -- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืฉื™ืŸ 
ืงืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืœ. -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฉืคึผืขื˜?. 
ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืคืืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท ื‘ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืืœืก ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ , ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ", ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื”ืึธื™ื”ืึธ! 

ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ: 

-- ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ,ืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ื™ ืื™ืจ' 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืกื™ืคืขืก, ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš-ืกืฐืึธืจืขืก. ื ืกืืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืฑืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทืฐืฒ... ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงื ืืงืขืจืก. ื”ืึธื› ืื™ืš 


97 


ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื– ืื™ืกืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ื–ืึทื’ ืื™ืš, 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื™ืœืขื ื”ืืฆืื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ:ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงื ืืงืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืกืึทืœืึทืฐื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš, ืื–ื•ื™ 
ืงืœืึธืจ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ? 

ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’. ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืจืขื“ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื ื ืึธืฐื™ ืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงื˜... 

-- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืง ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ, 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš, -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ืื ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื ืืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืึทืœืข ืื™ื ืขื ืื›ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ืึทื ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื 
ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืึธ! -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ืฐืฒึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืืฃ ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืืง ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืงืกืึทืฐื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืืฑืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืงืœืืžื™ืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ ื’ืœืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืก -- ืืš! ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธืš ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื™ืจืข --- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื›ืืคึผ ืื•ืฃ, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืึธืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ื“ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก, ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืงื•ืง ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ -- ืขืจ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืฆื• ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

-- ื•ื•ื™ื‘ืืœื“ ืื–ื•ื™, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ, -- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึท, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึทืœื™ึดืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ... ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


| ืฉื™ ืื˜ 6 
ื 
4 "ืจ = 4 


:4 
, ื ื•ึนึผ ึฟ ื“ื™ 
ื• ื™ + * * 2 
ื˜ืขื‘ ) )6 ื 
ืฉื™ ื™ : 4 4 5 
3 , 1 22 ืจ 
: . 4 - ,,,-ื™ ื™ื• 
: 2 : 6 
ืจ ื 4 ื 7 
' ื•ึธ : . ื : = 
ื• 4 ึฟ 6 
-= 4 
ืืข 


2 


ื 
: .ื ื™ื– 
ืืฉื™ + ื 
ืืœ : ื 
ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ 
ืืœ ืืฆ ื 


ื 
* 6 
5 


ื‘ืฆ 
ืืœ 
ื™ื™ 


2 
2 


ื•ื•ื 


ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืœ ืคื™ 
ืœืืœ 


ืฉืฉ 
{: 
ืื™ 
: 
245 ื™ื™ 
ื 64 , ืจ 
6, : 
. 


9 


== 
ื‘ื™ 06 


ืืืื™ืืฆื™ 


ื ืืจืื• 


ืฉื•ื™-ืŸ.ื‘ื˜ื˜ืจืคื•ืฃ 84 


ื ื™ื™ ื 


2 

7 2 

{ *ื•- 
: 

2 
ื™ื™ 2 
2 
* 7 

3 
5 
2 


= .5 ื™ื™ 


-'ื™- 64 
ื + 5 ื‘ื™ 
ืืฉ : = 


, * + 8 5 , 2 
ื“ืง 8 2 = 
= ื™ื‘ 


7 ืจื™ื˜ ื™ 66 


ื“ื™ื™ 


-- ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืฆื• ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฆืฑื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื ื“ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืข ืœืื ื’ืข ืงืืœื˜ืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜. 

-- ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืขืกืข, ืคื•ืŸ.. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืืคึผืจืึทืก, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื•ืจืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ืฉืืคึผื™ืจืึธ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื ืึทืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืก ืงื•ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืŸื–ืื™ืจ, ืคืืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ: 

-- ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ, ืฐื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข, ืื™ื– ืืฒึทืขืจืฅ ื ืงืืœืข? ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธืฐื• ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืึท ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื... ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืกื˜... 

ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืืš... ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืื ืฆื ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจืงื•ืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืขืื™ืจ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ: ,ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืก 
ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื–ื ืขืกืจืขื’ืœ?.." ื ืึธืจ ื—ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื 
ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš: 

-- ื ืงืืœืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื˜ืืงืข, ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข, ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืคืงืข... 

-- ืืš, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื•! -- ืฉืœืึทื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืืฃ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ืื ืื“ 
ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืืฆื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜... 

-- ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ"? ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก! ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืขืจ ืืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืœื“ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ... ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื ื“ืจืฒึท-ืคื™ืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืืฒึทืš ืืœืขืก ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ. ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ืŸ-ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ 
ืืฃ ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืื˜ ืึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืจ 
ืฉืขืžื“ื™ืง ื‘ืื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ (ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜, ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืจืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฆืขื“ื™ืง, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœืึธื’ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš: , ื”ืืœืึทื ื• ืื˜ืึธ ืึดื™ื ืœืขืฆืึธืจืฒื ื•?.." ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืงื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื ืขืจ --,ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืื˜ืฉ 
ื ื›ืืจื™ืคืขืก, ื ื˜ืฒึทื ืขื’ ืฆื• ืงื•ืงืŸ.." 

ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš, ืขืžืขืก, ื˜ืืงืข ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜, 
ืฐืึทืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืฐื™ ืื™ืฆื˜: ืื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ 
ืื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื™ื˜!), ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขื ,ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ" ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื ื›ืึธืœืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืึธืœืœ 
ืกืึธืคึผืงืึทืœืกืึธืฃ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืืœื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ -- ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืขื˜ื™ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืงื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก! ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืืœ ืงื•ืœืึธื, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ (ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืœื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ื•) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื• 
ืื– ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืจืื ื“ืขืฐื• ืคืืจ ื–ื™ -- ืึธ!! ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืงื•ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืข ืฉืึธ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงืฑ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื•ื• ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื•ื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื“ืื ืงื˜, ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธ 
ืงืื˜ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื ื’. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ื ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ, -- ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืขืจ 
ืžืขื’ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึทืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืžื•ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. 

-- ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ืฆื˜. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜, ืื™ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. 

-- ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื’ืขื–, -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื: ,ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš?" 

-- ืืš, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึทืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, -- ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึท 
ืงืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข-ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ. 


(ืกืึทืฃ ืงื•ืžื˜, 


ื‘ืึทืจื™ืก ืžืึทื’ื™ืœื ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื•ืฆื’ 


ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 


1 


ืขืคึผืขืก ืื•ืžื‘ืื’ืจื™ื™ึทืคืœืขื›ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ -- 
ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ: 
ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ-ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืขืŸ"ื‘ืจืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืง -- 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฐื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ -- 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜, 

ืึธื ื’ืขืงืฐืึธืœืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, 

ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื›ืžืืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืจื ืœ-ื˜ืื ืฅ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ -- 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ืกื˜ืื, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืึธื’ืœ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. 


ืก'ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืฅ -- 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื“ื•ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜, 

ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื ืืœ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื’ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜. 

ืกืฒึทืฐื™ืกืฒึท ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืงืœืืค ื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืืจื˜ -- 


2 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ, ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื ื“, 

ืฆื™ ืฐื™ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ 
ืกืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฆื™ื ื“ 

ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื”ืขืจืฆื•? 


ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืœืขืš ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ -- ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™? 
ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ? 


ื“ืขื ืคื•ืก ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืœืขื ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ? 


3 


ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืœืขืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 

ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืฆื• ืฉืขืœื˜ืŸ, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึทืœืขืก ืœืขืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 

ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ. 

ื ื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, 

ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืžืขืกื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ. 


100 


ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจืžืœืขืŸ ืฆืืจื˜. 

ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืขึถืจ, ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืคืืจื•ืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืœืงื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ื ืืงืขื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืก ืฉืžืื›ื˜. 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื•ื™ื ืขืก -- 

ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขื“ืื›ื˜. 


ืก'ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ืงืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื ืคื™ืจ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืจืฉื˜, 

ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ืจ, 

ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื, ืžืื‘ืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ -- 
ืฉืžืฒึทืกื˜ ืื™ื ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื™ืจ. 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจ, ืฆื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœ, 
ืžืึธืœืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืฐื™ืœ. 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื–ื ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ? 


ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉืœืขืคึผืขืจืก, 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ? 


ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ -- 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทื›ืŸ -- 

ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืฆืขืก ืขืจ 

ืื”ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืงืจืึทื›ืŸ... 


ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึทืข. 

ืœืขื ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ 

ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืฅ-- 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึทื›ื˜ืขื ืขื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ. 


4 


ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื’ืขืคึผืขืกื˜ืขื˜, 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื–ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืก, 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืื–ืœ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื ืฆืข -- 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื•ื’ืข ื•ื•ื™ืฆืœืขืš, 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš. 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก 

ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืกืคึผืึธืขืœ. 
ืคืืจื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ืงืืคึผืึทืจืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ! 


5 


ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ืคื•ื’ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ 

ืื™ืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜, ื‘ืืจื•ื™ื’ืขื– ืงืึธืœ: 
;ื˜ืื˜ืข, ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื™ึธืš?" 

ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ -- | 
ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื“. 

ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš: 
;ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“". 

,ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื™ึธืšืœื•" 


0 


ืื–ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ืืง. 

ืื™ื– ื ื ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืกืืง, 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืง-ืื•ืŸ"ืคึผืืง, 

ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืขืจืขืฅ -- ืฐืึธื’ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ: 
,ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ -- ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืขืš ื›ื”ืึธื‘, ื“ืึธ-- ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ืจื™ื™ืŸ ... 


ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜, 
ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืงืœืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, 


7 


ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจื›ืข -- ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ... 
ื“ืขื ืคืœืื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 

ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ -- 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืืกืŸ... 


ืขื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืขืจืŸ -- 
ื•ื™ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืœื•ื ื’ ืœื•ืคื˜, 

ื ืฉืœื•ืง ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. 

ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืกื™ืขื›ื™ื“ืข 

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื™ืขืจื™ื“ืข. 


ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš: 

,ื“ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš... 

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ -- 

ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื›ื˜. 


ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืŸ: 
, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืงืข ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ..." 


ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื? 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉืขืก ื’ืœืื˜... 


ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืข ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืขืŸ? 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื ืžืืžืข ื–ื™ ืœืขื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืกื™ืจื˜. 
ื ืึทืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฐืฒึทื‘ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜... 


ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ืขืก ืจืื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขืœื˜ืŸ. 
ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ -- 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืคึผืขื ื˜ืขืŸ? ื“ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ? 

ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื›ืืœื•ื™ืžืขืก ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืข ื“ืขืŸ ืงื™ืœืŸ? 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธื˜ืŸ -- 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ. 


ืคืืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ? 
ื ื•, ืขืคืฉืขืจ... 


ืืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. 


ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืื˜ืŸ... 


101 


8 


ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืจื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ? 

ืื•ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืคืืจืœืื ื’ -- 

ื ืขื ื“ืขื ืžืึทืœื‘ืขืจื˜, ืฆื•ื ืื•ืจืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืกื™ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืš, ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื–ืฉ -- ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืœืื ื’, 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืžื™ืœื“. 
ื•ื™ ื›ื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืžืึธืœืข ื›ื™ื™ืŸ! 

ืœืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’-ื‘ื™ืœื“, 
ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 


9 


ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ -- 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜. 

ืฆืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืœืึธ 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜. 

ืืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืขืกื˜. 


10 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธืš -- 
ืขืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืึธืš! 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ -- ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ึน ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ 


11 


ืœืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืขืœื“ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ื™ืจืฉืก ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืื -- 
ืื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข, ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืœื˜. 
ื ืจื•ืฃ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืึธืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ืงื™ื ื“: 
ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึทืงืŸ ืงืจื™ื™'ื˜ ื ื”ืึธืŸ, 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืื•ื•ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜.. 


ื ืึธืจ ืžืื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื– 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืกื˜. 

ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 
ืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜: 

ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื‘ 

ืœืขื›ืฆื˜. 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ื‘ื ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ื– 
ืืฃ ื ื ืขื“ืึธืฐืข ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื™ื“? 

ื ืึธืจ ื‘ืœืืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ; 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืจืฉ! ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจ! ืื•ื•ืื“ืข -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืก'ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ? 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื•ื™ืกืขืกื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ื– ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืง. 


ืกืกื”ื”ื•ื”ื•ื”ื”ื˜ = ืกืชืชื”ืชื”ืžื—ื” == ืคื•ื”ื”ื”ืื == ืคืกืžืฉื”ื”ืžื”ื” = (ื”ืžื”ื”ื”ื•ืื˜ = = ื˜ืข 


ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ, 
ืคื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง-ื“ืืฉืขืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 


ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, 


ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ. 


ื ืคืืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™? 

ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ื™, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึธืฐืขืก ืœื™ื’ืŸ, 

ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ. 


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ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจื”ื™ืœื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ 

,ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืคืืจื™ืึธืกืขืžื˜". 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื›ืžืืจืข-ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื’ืึธืกืŸ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ 

ื‘ืขืจืขื–ืขืก ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, 

ืืฃ ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ -- ื ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข, 
ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืฉื˜ืืจืฆืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืงื•ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืจืึธืกื˜, 

ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืกืœ --ื’ืื ืฆืข ื›ืื˜ืงืขืก ื“ืจื™ 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื˜ -- ื ืฆืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื’ 

ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื“ืืจืข ืฆื™ื’. 


ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜. 
ืืš, ืฐื™ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคื˜! 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜, 

ื–ื™ ืžืื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. 

ื‘ืื ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ -- 

ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื“ืœ -- ื ืคืฒึทืขืจ ื›ืจืขื ื˜, 

ื ืœื™ื™ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 

ืžืข ืคื™ืœื˜: ื–ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืงื˜ืขืจืขืฅ. 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขื˜ืฉืขืง. ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจื˜ืข, 
ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืฆืืจื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืœื™ืจื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึธืœื ื˜ -- 
ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜, 

ื“ื™ ื™ืฒึทื›ืœืขืš ืงืึธื›ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืืงืŸ --- 
ืขืกื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ.. 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง -- 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ืขืง. 

ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ื ืงืจืึธ, 

ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข -- ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ืื– ืฐื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. 


ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ 
ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ-ื’ืืœืขืจืฒ -- 
ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืœืื ื“, 


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ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ืข ื’ืืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืก, 

ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื ืขืก, 
ื‘ืืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจ. 
ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืขืก ืฉืคืื ื˜ ื ื’ื•ืืจ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจืขื ื’ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™, 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™. 

ื ืึทืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 
ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื›ื™ืกืึธืจืŸ -- 

ืฆื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ? 

ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื˜, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ? 
ื“ื™ ,ืืฑื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐืฒืœื˜ืงืฒึทื˜' ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™, 

ืฆื™ ื˜ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™? 


,ื‘ืืจ-ืงืึทื›ื‘ืขืŸ" ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœ ืคืืจืฉืฒึทื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื ืึธ... 

ื’ืขื”ืึทืคื˜, ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸืฉืึธ. 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ืจื™ื, 

ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข. 

ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ, 

ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื• ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืงืจืึทื›ืŸ... 


ืื™ืŸ ืงืืก ืื™ื– ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ื“ืืŸ ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ? 


ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื ืึธื–ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ -- 
ืืคื™ืฉืขืก ืื™ื™ื ืคืื›ืข ืฆื• ืžืึธืœืŸ, 

ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸืฐืึธืก, 

ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืขืจื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื“ืจืึทืก. 


ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืืŸ ืคึผืืกื™ืจื˜ ื ืžืึธื“ื ืขืจ ืคืืœ: 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, 

ืฐืึธืก ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืŸ, 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ื ื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉืก ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ -- 
ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, 

ืืคื™ืœืข, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื˜ืจืืœ, 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ -- ืฆืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœ. 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืขื ื“ื–ืœ ืืคื“ืึธืกืŸืฒึท -- 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืง-ืื•ืŸ-ืคืจืฒื™. 


ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ืคืื ื’ื˜ ื ื–ื•ื ืขืŸื“ื”ืขื–ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืขืก ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื ืง ื’ืจืขื–ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืกืคืืœื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ -- 


ืืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ืืจืึธื˜. 


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ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข, ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง, 

ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ. 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: , ืื™ืŸ ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื™ืกื•ื ื’", 


ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื ืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืฐืขืจืง ืคืืจืคืืกืŸ, 
ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœื‘ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืื™ ื”ืืกืŸ. 
ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืจื™ืฉ, 

ืึธืŸ ื’ืื“ืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืฒึทืฐืข 

ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜, 

ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื”ืึธื ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืข ืฉืขืคืขืจ -- 
ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืืจืงื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืคืขืจ... 


ืืš, ืฐื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื›ืึธืœื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ, 


ื‘ื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืคึผืจืืœื˜ืข, 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฑื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคืœืืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืฆื™ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืึธื›ืŸ? 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืขืจืŸ, 

ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ... 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื 

ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ืืงื•ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื ืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข, 

ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ 

ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข: 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, 
ื’ื•, ืก'ืžืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ... 


ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ื–ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ... 
ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™, 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืคืืœืŸ.. 


ื ืžืขืฆืขื ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืื“ืขืœืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืืจืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขืก ืื™ื– 

ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืืจืŸ. 


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ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“, 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ืจืื ื“, 

ื ืฆืขื˜ื•ืžืœื˜ืขืจ, ื ื“ื•ืœืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, 

ื ื•ื•ืื™ื•ื•ืจืืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜. 

ืขืจืœืขืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืื ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, 
ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜. 

ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืืคื˜, 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜, 


ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ... 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,ืคืืžื™ืื˜" ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ึผืžืขืŸ -- 


ืืคืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ -- 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกื™ื ืข, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื˜, 

ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคึผืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื˜. 

ื ืฆืขื›ืจืืกื˜ืขื˜ืข ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆืข - ืคืจืื ืง-ืื•ืšื“ืคืจืฒึท ื–ื™ ืจื•ื™ืฉื˜. 

ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืฐื™ืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืคืกื ืฒึทื™ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื”ืขืžื“ืœืขืš -- ืฉืคึผืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืข ืคึผืœืึธื’ 
ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืืฃ ื’ืืกืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืึธืจ ืคืืจืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื ืกืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœืงื™ืจ, 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืืงื ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ, 
ืงืขื’ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืึธ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜, 

ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขื‘ื˜.. 


17 


ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’. 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 


ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืœืื ื’ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืืกืึธื’ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 


18 


ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ืจืฉ 

ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, 

ืฆื™ ื“ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 

ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ? 

ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 

ืื– ืจืื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื˜ืขืจืก ืืฃ ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืฆืขื‘ืœืึทื–ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื›ื“ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจื ืขืกื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืฅ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 

ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืฑืคึผืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ -- 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืงืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ 

ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, 


ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื, 

ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก, 
ื•ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึทืœ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ? 


ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ-ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืืš. 

ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื, 

ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืฉืขืจ, ืขืคืฉืขืจ... 

ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื... 


ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืงืจืข ืขืก ืื™ื– 

ื ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืฉืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฉืฒึทื ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ, 
ืื– ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ! 


ื’ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืื– ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื›ื˜-ืื•ืŸ:ืื›ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 

ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึผืืกื™ืจืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆืขื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ 

ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. 


ื’ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื" 

ืื™ืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืฉืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก 

ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœืฅ: 

ื‘ืืœื“ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. 
ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ! 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืœืื ื“ 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื 

ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืข.. 


: ืžืช 21 ื“ื™ื™ ืœืข ืจ" ืขื™ 


ืื™ืกืืง ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ืžื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ืจืขื’ื˜. 1990 ื™ืึธืจ 


|ื–. ื‘ืขืœืขื•ื•--ื‘ืจืึธื“ 


ื‘ืขืœืขื•, 20.7.11 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื›ื‘ ื’ืขื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ื™ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, 
ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ:. ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืขืก ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ? ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืืกื˜ืขืก, ื”ื ื™ื“ืขืก, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ: ื“ื™ ืื™ืคืขืฉื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืฉืึทืžืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคึผืก-ืืฑื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ--- ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืกืืš ืกืฑื™ื“ืขืก, 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืกืงืื ื“ืืœืŸ. ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ -- ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื–ืข, 
ื ืคึผืื›ื“ืึธื ื™ืฉืข, ื ืคืจืขืกืขืจืŸ. ืืŸ ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืข, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืฒึทื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืœืื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืจื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืึธืŸ ื ืฆื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื•ื•ืืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืืค 
ื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’-ื˜ืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6-ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข?. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืื˜- 
ืจื•ืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืกื™ื™-ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืจืึธืฐื•ื ืข--ืœื•ืฆืง. ืœื•ืฆืง ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืคื•ื ืขื 8'ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 12:ื˜ืŸ -- ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ืฉ? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜, ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืฉืื“ื™ืœืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 236:ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืง, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืกืืš ืคืขืจื“, ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 

ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืก ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืฐื ืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ืกืขื ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 27ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท, 
ืื•ื‘ ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืึธื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืคึผืขื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ? ืขืก ืœืฒื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืกื™ื›ืœ, ืžืข ืฐืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“ -- ืงืœืขื•ื•ืืŸ. ื ืœืขืฐืฒึทืข ืคื•ืŸ 6 ืึธื“ืขืจ 7 ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื˜ื- 
ื˜ืฉืื ืงืข. ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ืžืืจืฉ, ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื -- ื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืืจืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืกื™ืฅ 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ื ืกื˜ืึธืœื™ืขืจ -- ื ื‘ืื‘ืขืจื“ืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ -- ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืžืื›ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ื“ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืžืขืก ืžืขื ืืฉืข. ืื™ืš ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ื‘ื ืžื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ, ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืœื™ื“, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืงื•ื™ืœืขืก, ื ืื”ืฒึทืงืขืก, ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืก, 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืงืจืฒึทื–, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ืข ืฐื™ืœืกืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืก-ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขืœืขืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื›ื™ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืขืš. ื ื™ื™ึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ื”ืฑื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืึธืกื ืข:ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœ ืื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื‘ืขืก, ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืฉื˜ืฑื‘ื™ืง, ื ืคึผืฑืขืจ (ืคึผืืจืคืขื ื˜ื™ ืžืขืœื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืœื™ืกืืฐืขื˜ืคึผืึทืœื™ืข) ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธืฉืขืงืœ, ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืกืื•' 
ื™ืื“ -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, 

ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืงืึทืฐื•ื ื™ืง ื’ืึธืจืึธื•ื• ืืœืก ืฐืึธื™ื˜ -- 60 ื™ืึธืจ, ื ื‘ื™ื–ื”ืขืคืึธืจ- 
ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืจ. ืžื™ืจ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืœืึธืฐื•ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืœืึธื•ื• 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ. ื’ืจืึธืฐืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก, ืขืจ ืฉืืžืงืขื˜, ื ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื™ื™ืŸ-ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื‘ืขืง, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ืฉืึธื“ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกืืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœืึธืกื˜-ืคืืจื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืึทืœ, ืืŸ ืื™ื”ืขืืœืข ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืข ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 10, 1989, 


100 


ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืึทืœืึธืกื˜ -- 
0 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 800 ืคึผืึทื™ 
ืœื™ืืงืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ื 
ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืกืืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื–ืจืข- 
ืคืึทืจืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืึธื›ืœืืฆืงืข ืœืึธืฉืŸ, ื ื’ืขืจื™ืจ" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืœืขืš. 

ืงืœืขื•ื•ืืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืืœืงืึธื”ืึธืœื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข, ื ืกืืš ืคืœืื ืฅ-ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ, 
ืคื™ืจืขืงื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ืขืข ื•ืขื ื˜, ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืฒ 
ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื ื ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืึทืฐื ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข, ื‘ืื ืคึผื™ืกืืจ -- ื–ืฒึทื“ืขื ืข 
ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก. 

ื ืื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื–ืฉืึตืœ- 
ื ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ?ืก ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง? ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื’ืข 
ืคื™ืงืฅ? ื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื›ืฒึทืœืึธ. ื–ืฉืึธืœื ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืœื•ื–ืฉืืงืข, ื ืคึผื™ืขืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืกืืง ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ. ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื™ืขืคื™ืžืึทื•ื•ืก ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืืจื–ืฉ 
ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคืขื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืืคืขืงื˜, ืืŸ 
ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืจืืฉ, ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก, ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ืฉืึทืœื ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึผื™ืกืืจืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื ืื›ื˜-ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜, 

ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืข ื–ืืš, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืœืึธืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ืื ื˜, ื“ืึธืก 
ืกืืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืžื›ืืžืขืจืงื˜. ื“ื™ ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก 
ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขื™ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืฐื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš -- ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืขืก, ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืืจื˜ื“ื™ืฐื™ื–ื™ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขื ืืจืžื™ื™-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืœื•ืฆืง. 

ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืขืฃ?, ื ืœืขื˜, ืขืก ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคืขืจื“, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™. 

ื‘ืขืœืขื•, 20.7.12 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ -- ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืก ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก, ืื™ืš ืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืข- 
ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืขืกืค. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื–ืืš. 

ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืจืขืฅ ืกืึทืงืึธืœืึธืฐืŸ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืจืื ืง ืืฃ 
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืขื ืจืขืงืœ, ื ื“ืืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืืกืขืฐืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึท- 
ื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจืึธืฐื•ื ืข, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืขืœืขืจื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ ืืœืข 
ืคึผื•ืฑืขืจื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืึธื ื™ื). ืฉืคึผืืงืึธื•, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข. ื ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืงืื ื˜, ื ืกืืš ื”ืึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ -- ืคึผืขืจืขืกืึธืคึผื ื™ืฆืข, ืžื™ืœืึธืกื˜ืึทืฐืึธ, ืคึผืœืึธืกืงื™, ืฉืคึผืืงืึธืฐืึธ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืืŸ ืคืœืืงืก, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื -- ื“ืึธืก ืคืœืืงืก-ืื™ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืืš ื”ืจืขื˜ืฉืงืข. 

ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ืฉื˜ืฑื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืึธืŸ ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก, ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ืฉืžืฒึทืก -- ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจ?. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืึธืกื˜ืึทืฐืึท 
ื ืขื ืื™ืš ืฉืคึผืืงืึธืฐื•ืก ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, -- ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“, 


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ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ืื ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜-ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื ืขื, ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ืŸ. ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืจืึธืกื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ื ืฒึทืข ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
0 ืคื•ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™, 10 ื›ืื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื’ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจื•ื ื’ -- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืื ืกื˜ืืจืึทืกื˜ืข -- ื”ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื ื“ืื ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ 
ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 34-ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืง. 

ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืคึผื™ืฆืข, ืืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืคึผืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืข ืคืืจื˜ืขื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื•ืจื™ืคึผืึธืฐืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข ืจืฒึทื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื ืขืจ, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึธ 
ืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฐืึธื ืฆืขืก. ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืืง, ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื“ื™ื•, ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ืœื™ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฐืขื ื˜, ื ื’ืขืจืืžืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืืŸ ืืฒื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืงื™ืง ื’ืขืจืื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจ -- ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืขื›ืก ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืึทื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจืข 
ืžืืŸ, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข, ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉืœืื ืงืขืจ, ื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืคึผืœืฒืฆื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื ื’ื•ื˜, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืคืืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ืข ืžื™ืœ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืš ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื™ืžืขืŸ 4 ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆืข- 
ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืคืืจืŸ ืจืึทืฐื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืขื–ื“ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจื™ืื˜, ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืื™ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข, 3 ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก ืคืืจ ืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ. 

ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืคืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื”ืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ, 
ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข, ืจื•ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ื‘ืื˜ืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืœืฒึทื˜, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืืŸ ืึธืจ- 
ืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžืข ืฆืขื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื‘ืจื™ื’ ืฉืจืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ -- ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื“ืื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืš ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืจื•ืžื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ืจื™ื’, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืคืœืขืš, ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฆืขืคืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฑื–. ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืืจืึทืกื˜ืข ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึทืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื‘ืื ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคืื™ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืขืจ: ื ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืขืœื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ -- ื“ื• ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื ืงืืœืข. 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืก, ืื™ืš ืคื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืฉืึธื“, ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ืึทืฐืขืฅ. 

ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขื’ืก, ืึธืฐื ื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ืงืึทืจื ืคืขืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื™ืขื’, ืฐื™ ืืฃ 
ื›ืฒึทืขืก, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื ื”ืขืœืข ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืœ, ืขืก ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ื•ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™, ืจืึธื–ืขืฐืข ืฉื˜ืฑื‘ื™ืงืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืœ:ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก -- ืคืœืืžื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึทืจืื ื–ืฉ-ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื ืฉื˜ืฑื‘. 

ืื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ (ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืฒึทืŸ), ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืœืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืข, ื ื›ืื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืฐื•ื™ื™ 
ืœืขืจ. ื ื’ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ื™ืกื˜. ืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ืžืคึผื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. , ื‘ืื‘ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ?" -- 
ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜, ืžืข 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจื“ืข ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ื“ื™ ื›ืื–ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืคึผ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. 

ื‘ืขืœืขื•, 20.7.13 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืกื™ืžื›ืข. 26 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื ื’ื™ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื–ืืš. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืงื™ืคึผื™ืกืืจืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื- 
ื‘ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื™ึดืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืขื˜ืงืขืก, ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืคืืจื“ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. 
ื›ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก -- ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉืฉื˜ืื“ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข -- ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืฉื™ืŸ, ื˜ืืจืืกืึธื•ื• -- ื‘ื- 
ื“ืื›ืึทืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก, ื˜ืขืœืขืจืœืขืงืขืจืก, ื›ื ื™ืคืขื ื™ืงืขืก, ืคืจืขืกืขืจืก, ืคื•ื™ืœื™ืืงืขืก, ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืžืข 
ื•ื•ืฒื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. 

ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื•ื•. ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืื“ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘- 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง, ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืืŸ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ -- ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง, ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ืืœืขืžืขื ืก 
ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’, ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ? ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท, ืฐื™ ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฒื˜, ืคึผืจืฐื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืขืก. 

ืฐื•ึผ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. 


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ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ืœื•ืฆืง. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื‘ืจื™ื’ืŸ, 

ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ -- ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืึธืคึทึผืข- 
ืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจ-ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืข, ืžื™ืจ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ, ื“ืขื ืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืจื™" 
ื‘ื•ื ืืœ, ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื“-ื–ืืคึผืืก. 

ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืืกื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื™ืคึผืื–ืฉ ืืฃ ื ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ื ื”ื™ืฅ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคึผืขืจืขืกืึธืคึผื ื™ืฆืข, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก 
7ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืขืคึผืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืฃ, ื ืกืืš ืคืœืืงืก, 
ื”ืจืขื˜ืฉืงืข, ื ืกืืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธืคึผืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื ืจืฒึทื›ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืจื“'ื–ืืคืืก ื“ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•: ื ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ืจื˜ืข ื”ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจื ืข ืœืืžืคึผืืกืŸ, ื ื’ืืจื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืงืืจื‘ื•ื ื’, ื ืกื˜ืืฐืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ, ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืคึผืึทืœืึธืŸ, 
ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฐืึทื ืฆืขืก. 45 ื™ืึธืจ ืืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืœื™ืžืขื ื™ืง, ื ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท, ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื–ืึทืจื’ื•ื ื’-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ื™ืืงืึธื•, ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืœื™ื‘, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื˜ืœืขื˜, ื ืฐื™ื ื™ืง-ืื™ื•ื•ืจืขื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ,ืืŸ ืื™ื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข", ื ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœ, ื“ื™ืืงืึธื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, โ€ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืฅ. ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืจ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื“ืืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜: 
{ืฐืึธืก, ื”ืขืจ ื“ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘? ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 8 ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืฃ 
ืฐืขืœ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ื ืฐื•ื ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ. 

ื ื˜ืขื ืฆืขืจ, ื ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ื ื›ื™ื˜ืจืขืจ, ื ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ, ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ. ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคืืคื™ืจืœืขืš, ืืœืขืžืึธืœ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™, ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ: 
,ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืŸ?" ื ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท, ื ื’ืขืฉืคืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื, ื™ืขื ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ. 

ื ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ืคืขืจื“, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“. 

ืฆื• ื“ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืฃ, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืžืึธืจืขื˜, ืฆืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขื˜, ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืืงืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ืคืึทื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ,ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ (ืฆื•ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ) ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื˜ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ'. ืื”ื™ื™ื. 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืืจืึธืกื˜ืขืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ื™ืš-ื’ื™ืš, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืžื•ืจืืฉืงืข ืืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืฃ 7 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืฉื™ืŸ (ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืก ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืจืขืฅ), ื ืคืจืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืขืจืขืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืจื•, ืืœืข 
ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฉืœื™ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ื”ืฒื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืืœื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืงืืœืข, ืขืก ืฉื˜ืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืจื’ืœ. 
ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ืงืจืื ืง. ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข. 

ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืฐืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืกื˜, ืง. ืงืืจืœื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก/ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืขื–ืฉื•ืจื ืข ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืคึผื™ืกืืจืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืงื™ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืฉืœืึทืคืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ืคึผื™ืกืืจ' 
ืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืง. ืงืืจืœื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก, 

ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืืฃ ืœื•ืฆืง. ื“ื™ 2-ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. ื•ื• ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ? 

ื‘ืขืœืขื•, 20.7.14 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืกืึทืงืึทืœืึธื•, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืจื•ืก, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื“ืขืจื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฐื•ืœ. ื ืจื•ื™ื˜- 
ื‘ืืงื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจืœืึธืฐืขืฅ, ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืคืœื™ืจื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜! 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ื™ืš-ื’ื™ืš, ืคืึธืจืžืฒึทืกืขืœืขืš, 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื‘, ื˜ืฉืขืจืงื 
ืฉื™ืŸ, ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืก ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืจืขืฅ, ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืœืืคึผืœื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ. 

ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘, ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืฉื•ืืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜' 
ืื•ืคื›ืืคึผืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืžืข ื‘ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก, ืžืข ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ืข, 
ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ืคื™, ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืื‘ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง, ืžืข ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ืคึผืฑืขืจ. ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 3 ืฉืึธ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ, ืื– ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืฉื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึธืงืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฑื˜ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ื˜ -- 7 ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืื˜ืข, 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืขืจ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื•ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ -- ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, 


109 


ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื™ -- ื–ืฉืึทืœื ืืจืงืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืกืึทืงืึทืœืึธื• ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข? ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ืื™ื ืขืจื˜ื™ืฉ, ื ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ. ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. 

ืคืจืื ืง ืžืึธืฉืขืจ. ืืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืœื™ืขืจ, ื ื‘ืึทืจืฐืขืกืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืืŸ ืขืœืขื’ืื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืœื“ื– ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข, ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืข. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื• ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš: ,ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ, ืงืขืžืคื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืŸืจื•ืกืœืื ื“?" ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ืืš. ืืš, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืžืขืง ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืงืืคืข, 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืงืจืืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืกืืš ืžืื›ืฉืึทืฐื•ืขืก, ืื™ืš ืงื•ืง, ืœืึธื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทื ื˜-ืœืข-ืจืึธ -- ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•" 
ืฆื™ืข, ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™ืงืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืฒึทืฆืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ? ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ึธืืœื™ื–ื, ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืื– 
ืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ -- ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข, ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืœืข ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื›ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืฉืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื™ึถื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ. 
ื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขืŸ, ืžืึธืฉืขืจ, ืขืš, ืงืึธื ืืŸ-ื“ืฑืœ, ื‘ืจื™ื—ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื™ืึธืจืง. ืžืึธืฉืขืจ 
ื›ื™ื˜ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื™ ื ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื. ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ื•. 

ืื™ืš ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ื”:, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืจื“-ืึทื ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 9ื’-ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงื™ื•, 
6 ื™ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, 50 ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื (ืขึถืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืจืขืžืขื ืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืขื–ื“), ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฉืขื ืงืึธืคื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ื ืงืึทืœืึธืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ. ื ืจื™ื–, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืืœื‘ืœืข- 
ื“ืขืจื ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ, ืฉืœืื ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื–ืฐืึธื“ื ืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ืคึผืจื' 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข. ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ |-ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™" 
ื’ืื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ ืืœืข ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืงืขืก, ืงื ื™ื’ืืฉื•, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืงื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ, ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืžืขืก. 
ืœืขืกื ืฐืฒึทื–, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 5 ืงื ืืœืŸ, ,ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ". ,ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ". 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึทืœืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ 
ื’ืขืžื•ืกืขืจื˜, ืขืจ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ, ื ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ืึธืฐืขืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก -- ืื™ื– 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ืฆืง, ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜-ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜, 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืฒึทืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ึฟื ืข. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืข -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง, ื‘ืึทึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง, ืžืึทืœืึทื“ืขื˜ืฉื ืึธ, ืคึผืจืึทืกืงื•ืจืึธื•, ืกื•ื•ืขื ืฆื™ืื ืข, 

ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘, ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ืึธืฐื•ืฆืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืกืืจื ืข, ืกื˜ืืจืึธื™ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ื ืึธื•ื•, ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจื™ืžืื ืขืฐื•ืขืจ -- 
ืืฃ ืกื˜ื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื’. ืงืึธืฐืขืœ ืขืฐืืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฐืึธ, ืžืึทืฉืขืจืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ. 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงืœืืคึผ. 

ื ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืฐื ืข. ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื, ื ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืฉื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ืœืืก ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืกื™ืื ืขืจ. ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื- 
ืงืฒึทื˜? ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืฐื•ืข ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื™ืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ. 

ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืก? 

ืžืึธืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืก, ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคืขืจ ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ. 


ื‘ืขืœืขื•, 20.7.15 

ื ืคืืจื”ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึทืคืขื ืข. ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคืœื•ื’ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื“ื™ ืคืœื•ื’ื‘ืœืขื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ. 

ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื–!, ื ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก. 

ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื™ื ืก ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืจืขืก. 
ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜? 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข ืกืฐืึธื“ืงืขืก ื‘ื ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืœืึธื . ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื•ึฐืขึด 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืžืื“ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘. 

ืžืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงืึทืกืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืœืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ. ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืก- 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจื™ื–, 


: 110 


ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืกืœืขืš, ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง, ืžื™ืจ ืขืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื' 
ื˜ื™ืืฉ, ื ื›ืืžืขืจ-ืื™ื™ื–ืœ, ืืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืฆืขืฆืฑื’ืขื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืื–ืฉืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜. 

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1 -- 1,5 ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืง. ื“ื™ ืืจืžื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ืงื- 
ื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืข-ืึทื ื’ืจื™ืฃ -- ืžืข ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืœืฐืึธื•, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืœื•ืฆืง. 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืกื•ื“ืกืงื™ืก ืื•ืคืจื•ืฃ -- ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืฉ ืคึผืึธืกืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื. ื ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืค- 
ืจื•ืฃ: , ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืงืขืžืคืขืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ, 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืš, ืฆืืคึผืœื˜, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข 
ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜, ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื™ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืฒึทืš, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืืฒึทืš, ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืฉ 
ืคึผืึธืกืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื", 

ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง, ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืฒึทืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฐื˜ืึธื›ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ -- ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ, ื ืคืจืฒึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืก ื–ื™ื’ื˜!". 

ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ืึธืœืงื™, 20.7.16 

ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจืžื™ื™-ื‘ืืคืขืœ -- ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืš-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืจืึธื–ืฉื™ืฆืข -- ื™ืืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉื™. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื™ืึธืœืงื™, 25 ื•ืฐืขืจืกื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ืคื’, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื’ืืœืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ, ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก- ื“ืึธืก ืจืฑื˜ืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก, ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜, ื ื ืฒึท ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื• ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ -- ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ. 

ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจืฒึทื›ืข, ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื›ืื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืงื•, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ", 

ื–ืฉืึธืœื ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ. ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ืกืคึผืจืื•ื•ืขืŸ,. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืจื™ืฆื ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ -- ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคืืœ, ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ืงืื–ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ: ,ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ?" -- ,ื›ื™ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ", ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ืฃ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืคืืจืฉืžื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ืœ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืกื˜ืืจืขื˜20. 

ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ืึธื•ื•ืก ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืงืขืก -- ืงืึธื ื“ืึธื˜ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื–ื•ืจืคึผืื˜ืึธืจืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ-ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ, 
ืืœืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฉืขื ืงืึธืก, ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ืึธื•ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš -- 
ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืฆืขืก, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ 
ื–ืืฆื™ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืง ืืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืง, ื–ืขื˜ ืืฑื™ืก, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ, ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง. 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืึทืจืงืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 5 ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืง. ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข -- ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ 
ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ; ,ืžืืžืข, ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜". ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ -- ื ืฉืœืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข -- ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ. ืกืึทืงืึธืœืึธื•ื•: ,ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืขืŸ". ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ: ,ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข" 

ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ -- ื˜ืฉืขืจืงืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœ) -- ื ืคืจืขื›ืŸ, ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ, ื ืคืืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“? ืžืื˜ื™ืืฉ, ื ื›ืึธื›ืึธืœ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ื™ืœืขืจ, ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืืจ. 
ื›ื•ืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื ื•ืจืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืคื•ื™ืœืข ื‘ืืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืจืขืฅ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึธื• -- ืžื™ืฉืข, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืขืจ. 

ื ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ื ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืฐื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉ- 
ื“ื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•, ืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ืึธื•ืฆืขืก, ื‘ืื ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ -- ื ืžืืจืฉ. | 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื ืง -- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ ืคืืจื›ืœื™ื ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•, ื ืงื•ืš- 
ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš: ,ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืคืขืจื“ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 25 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜, ืคืืจ ืื–ื -- 20 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก 
ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคืขืจื“"21, 

ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื›ืื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ. ื ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ืŸ. ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืคืขืœืขืš, 
ืฉืจืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข. 

ืžืข ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. 


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ื ืึทืฐืึธืกื™ืึธืœืงื™, 20.7.17 


ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 16.7. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื•ืฉืข -- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜" 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื’ืขืจืงืขืก, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืข ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™. ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืœืขืฐ 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ืฆื•ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื‘ื ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืงืŸ ื“ื™ 7ื™ืค. ื 
ืžืขืฉื•ืคึผืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืข. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ. ื ื ืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ -- ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืื˜ื™ื•ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜. 

ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื›ืื˜ืข -- ื ื’ืขืฉืึทื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืงืืœื‘. ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืืคึผืœืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืก! ื ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืืžืข. 

ื ืึธื•ื•ืึทืกื™ืึธืœืงื™ -- ืžืืœื™ึดืข ื“ืึธืจืึธื’ืึธืกื˜ืื™, 20.7.18 


ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข--ืงืจืขืžืขื ืขืฅ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื 
ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคึผืืจืืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืืจืžื™ื™ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืึทื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขื ืืจืžื™ื™-ืจืข- 
ื–ืขืจื•ื•. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื– -- ืคืืจื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืง. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืœื™ืข ื“ืึธืจืึทื’ืึธืกื˜ืื™ (ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ื ืึธื•), ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืึธื– 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื•ื™ืš, ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื˜, ืฐืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, 
ืคืึธืจ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข. 

ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึทืจืขื:ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข -- 
ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ -- ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’22. ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืขืžืคื˜ ืœืื ื“, ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืืฒึทื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ 
ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจื ื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฆื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืื›ืึทืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก? ื ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก. ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืก. ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœ. ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผื”ืขืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืื™ืš ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืคืขืจื“. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืืงืขืจืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืžืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืœืขืกื“ื™ืง, ืขืจื’ืขืฅืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืึธื‘ืขืฉื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืœื™ื ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ -- ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืจื ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื ื“ืขืžื‘ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš, 

ืืฃ ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืœืขืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 2 ืฉื˜ืื‘-ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืขืจื“, ื“ื™ ืกืื‘ืœื™ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืืžืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืžืข ืกืื‘ืœื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜ืงืขืก, ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื˜ืœืขืŸ. ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื“ืืœืขืกื“ื™ืง, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 10 ืคืจืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืฐืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ืื–ื ืฉื™ืง. 

ืืงืขืจืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื™ืฅ, ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืืš, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฐื•ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืฐื•ึผืงืกื™ืงืข, ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ 
ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืขืก. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืจืฒืŸ, ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืกืขื“ืขืจ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜-ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืคึทึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืŸ. ืืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ. 

ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜, 
ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื•ื•ืืœืข. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื–, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ22, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•, ืืœืฅ ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข -- ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ -- ืงืื–ืืงืŸ -- ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ -- ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื˜. 

ืืœืฅ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœืขืงืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืืจืงื ืก ื ืึธืš ืืฃ 10 ื™ืึธืจ, ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ื™ื ืžืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืš, 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ืฆืขืžืขื ื˜. 

ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ-ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื‘ื ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืข ื’ืข" 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข -- ื“ืขื ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื›ื•ื˜ืขืจืก, ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ, ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื’ืืก, ืงืืžืฃ-ืžืืจืฉืŸ ืฆื• 
0 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืจืฑื‘ืขืจืฒึทืึธื ืคืœื™ึทืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืงืื–ืืงื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืœื ื™ืฆืข, ืฐื•ื™ืคืœ ืึธืคื™ืฆืขืจื™ืฉืข ืงืขืคึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืงื˜? ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึทืจ ืฐื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืกืงืขืจืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. 

ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ื’ืขืฒื ื™ืงื˜ืงืฒึทื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื ืคืขืจื˜ืœ 
ื˜ืึธื’, ืึธื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืขืจื“, 

ืืŸ ืื‘ืกืึธืœื™ื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ืข -- ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื•. ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืฆืข 
ืžืืœื™ืข ื“ืึธืจืึธื’ืึธืกื˜ืื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜, ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงืข. ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ืขืกืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื ืฉืึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ื•ื ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืกืึธื“, ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืงื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืคืขืจื“, ื ื’ืืœืขื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืคืขืœืข 


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ื’ืฒื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก. ื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื• ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš, ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ: , ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก, ื›'ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ืขื ื’ืืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ. ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคึผืึธืœืงื™ื’ืืœืึธื›ื™ื? 

ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ. ื ืึธื›ืืžืึทืœ: ,ื ื™ื˜ืึธ', ืืœืข ืœืฒึทื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ, ืžืข 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืฒึทื– ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื•-ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ื’ืขืœืข ืืงืขืจืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื ืื›ื˜. ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืฉื˜ืขื ' 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ, ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜; ืžื™ื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืงืขืคึผ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืœืขื’ืจืืคื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข. 

ืž. ื“ืึทืจืึธื’ืึทึธืกื˜ืื™ -- ืกืžืึทืจื“ื•ื•ืข -- ื‘ืขืจืขื’ื™, 20.7.19 

ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜. ืงืจืืžืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธื’ืŸ. ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ื‘ืืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืืกื™ 
ืงื•ื“ื ืข. ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืื˜ืืงื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•--ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืืš. 
ื–ื™ืฐื™ืœืึธื•ื•. 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ืฉื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืฆืง ื‘ื™ื– ืงืจืขืžืขื ืขืฅ, 
ื“ื™ 5-ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 6:ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืึทืจื“ืฐืข, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืึธื–ื™ื ืึธ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. 

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืž. ื“ืึธืจืึธื’ืึธืกื˜ืื™. ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’. ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš (ืื•ืžื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš). 

ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืœื™ื ืึธื•ื•---ื‘ืขืจืขื’ื™, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ื ืึธื•ื• ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื‘ืขืจืขื’ื™, ื ืงืื ืึธื ืื“ืข. ื“ื™ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืข ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, 
ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื–ื•ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื™ึดื ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ. ืกืžืึทืจื“ืฐืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืืœืขืš, ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ึทืขืœืข ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื’ืืœืขื›ื˜ืข, ื ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืืœืขืš, ื ืคืขืกื˜ ื”ืฑื–, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื“ื™ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•-14, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, ืื™ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ื– ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืœืื ื“, ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก 
ื ื‘ืึทืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ -- ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•, ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ. ืžืข ื‘ืืฉื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•! ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืจืื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ืื˜ -- ืงืœื•ื’, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืืจื˜, ืฉื˜ืฉืขื’ืึธืœืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืคืœืื ื’-ืืจื•ืžื›ืืคึผ ืืฃ ื‘ืึธืงื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืกืึธืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื’ื (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืงื ื™ื’ื, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜), ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืขืจื“ ื‘ื ืงืึทืœืขืกืึธืฐืŸ, ื‘ื ืงื ื™ื’ืืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. 
ืคึผืจื™ืงืื–ื˜ืฉื™ืง, ื ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึธื›ืึธืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืข, ืืœืข ืืฒืฆืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉ-" 
ืกื•ื ื’ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืžืื˜-ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 100 ืฉืคึผืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•-} 1 ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ื ืืจื™ืฉ, ื ื‘ืืจืฒื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ 
ื ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ืึธืฐืขืฅ, ื–ื™ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื‘ืืจื™ืžืขืŸ. ืฐื™ ืœืื ื’ืข ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืขืก ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื™ืกื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืŸ, ืกื˜ืฑื™ืคึผืขืก ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืคึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื˜ืœืขืฃืŸ 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ืขืจื’ืขืจ, ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– 19,8. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึท- 
ืจืึธืฉื™ืœืึธื•. 

ื ื‘ืืจืื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืคืœื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ 
ื‘ืื ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงืข. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืืคึผืื˜ื™ืฉ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง, ื”ืื›ื ืึธืขื“ื™ืง, ืืŸ 
ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื–ืข ืฆืขืงืจืึธื›ื ืงืฒื˜. 50 ืฐื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, 6 ื™ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 

ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ืื˜ืฉืืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. 

ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื‘ืื ื“ืื–ืฉื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ื‘ืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืœืฒึทื“ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืžื™ืžืข, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืืฉื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืึธืฉื™ืœืึธื•ื• ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืขืง, ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืขืก ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื. 
ืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืข, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ืงืข, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืึทื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜, 
ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ, ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืึธื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜- 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ื ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืŸื™ืฉืฐื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืืœืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึทื ืขื•ื•ื™ืง ,ื–ืฉื’ื•ื˜ืฉื™". 
ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– -- ื“ืขื ื’ืจืืฃ ืœืขื“ื›ืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ืก ืึธืกืึธื‘ื ื™ืืง, ื ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื–ืขืจืข, ื 
ื ื™ื˜-ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธื‘ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื“ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืจืึธืžืื ืขืŸ -- ื ืึธืš 
ื ืกืืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš. ื‘ื ื“ืขื ืคืขืœื“ืฉืขืจ -- ื ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ -- ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 


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ืขืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืจืืฃ ืกื›ื™ืจืขืก ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜: ;ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืื’ืข 
ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜?" ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื–ื“ื™ืขืงืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ ,ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื•ื˜". 

ืึธืคึผืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ -- ื™ืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืจืืคึผืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข, ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข. 

ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื‘ืื ืงืœืฑืกื˜ืขืจื™ืคึผืœืฑื˜. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงืึธืžื‘ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœืึธืคื˜, ืœื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืข. 

ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐื™ืฆื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืขื’ื™, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืข, 
ื ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ-ื–ืืคื˜, ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื ืึทืกื˜ืขืก ื‘ืขื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื ืคึผืจืึทืฉืขืง ืืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืŸ. ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื™ืฅ 
ื ื›ืžื™ืžืข, ื‘ืื ืงืœืฑืกื˜ืขืจ-ืคึผืœืฑื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื”ืฒึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. 

ื‘ืขืจืขื’ื™, ืกืขื ืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืฐืฒึทื ืฉืœ-ื˜ืฒ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืคึผืจื•ื–ืฉื™ื ืข-ืžืื˜ืจืืฅ, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืงื™ื ื“. ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืžืข ืฐืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืš. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธืคึผื’ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžืึทืจื“ืฐื•ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืจืื ื“. ื ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืจืฒึทื–ืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฐืึทื ืข, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ. 

ื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“. ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืขืจื˜ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืœืขื ื’ื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜. ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจ" 
ืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืฉืœืึทืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึธืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš, 
ืžืข ื–ืขื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, ืคื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืฆื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืขืœื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืคืขืจื“, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ, 
ื ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข, ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืึท, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจืกื•ืงืึธื•ื•ืก ืฉื™ื ืขืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืกืžืึทืจื“ื•ื•ืข. ืคืขืœื˜ืฉื. 20.7.20 

ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก 5 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื ื ืืกืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืœืื ื’- 
ืืจื•ืžื›ืืคึผ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื•ื•ืขื’. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืฑื™ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืœื˜ืฉื. ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, 10 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธื‘ืจื™ืฐืึธื“ืงืข, ืฆื• 12 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข -- ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืคืึทืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืืฃ ืคึผืขืœื˜ืฉื. ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืืœื“-ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก, ืขืกืงืื“ืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, ื ืกืืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืจืื ื“ืŸ, ืจืขืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก, ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข 
ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธืจื ื‘ืฒื™ืžืขืจ, ื ืกืืš ืกืึธืกื ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื™ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื, 
ื ืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฆืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืืฉื‘ื•ื™ื. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืœื“:ืกื˜ืขื–ืฉืงืขืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื˜ืฉื. 10 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื 
ืœืื ื’ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง: ;ื ื™ื˜ืึธ', ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืื™ื™ืขืจ, ืžื™ืœืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ื•ืฉื ืข, ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ 
ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื›ืœื™ื•ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ืฆื•ื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ื™ืฅ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืขื, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ. 
ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื–ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข, ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ื˜ืขืžืคึผืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื ืืก, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ, ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก.. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืœื˜ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ืึธื– ืคื•ื ืขื 49:ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืคืื ื˜ืขืจื™ืขืคึผืึธืœืง. ื“ื™ 
ื›ืืœื•ืงืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื ืึธื›ืื ืื ื“, ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ืฐืขืจ' 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท, ,ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ", 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืฑืขืจื˜ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, , ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ", ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื›'ื•ื™ืขืœ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ืกืŸ, ืฉืœืึธื’". 

ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขืจ ื–ืืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืฉ ืฆื•ื ื–ืึธื˜ืœ. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื˜ื ืข 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืขืก ื‘ืขื˜. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขื ื’ืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขื ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื“ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ? 

ืคืขืœื˜ืฉื -- ื‘ืึทืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, 20.7.21 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข. ื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื™ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ -- ื ื ื™ืฉ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฒึทืกืข? ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ: ื ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ืกืืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื ืก ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืก ืื™ืŸ 


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ื“ืขื, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจืขืคืŸ. ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ื’ืื“ืœืขืก, ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืืฃ ืœืขื“ื›ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข. 
ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื˜ืขื ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืึธื‘ืจืึธืฐืึธื“ืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื“ืขืžื‘ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืข. ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืื‘ืึธืงืจื™ืงื™, 
ืื™ืš ืขืก ืฐืฒึทืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึทื’ืขื ืขืจ. ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื‘ืืง. 

ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ -- ื ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืง, ื–ื•ื ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจืฃ. ื›ืžื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ, ื ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข ืืฃ ืคึผื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืœืš, ืฐืฒึทืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื ื–ืฑืœืขืœืฐืขืกืฑืฐืขื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ื ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืืœืข ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, 
ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืฉืฒึทื ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืืœืฅ, ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ืฉืึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœื•ื ื™ืข, ืงืœืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง? 

ื ืคืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืงืื–ืืง? ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ: ื‘ืืจืื›ืึธืœืกื˜ื•ื•ืข, ื‘ืจืืฐื•ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ึทืึทื ืืœื™ื–ื, ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜, ื ื›ืฒึทื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœืงืฒึทื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืื ื’ืืจื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก? ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืœื™ื–ืขืจ, 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ -- ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืื ืฆืขืก... 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืืจื ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื• ืืฃ ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ. 7 ืฐืขืจืกื˜. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ. 
ื–ืืžื“. ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ. ื’ืจื•ืคึผืงืขืก ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, 
ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ ืงื•ื™ืขืš, ื ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืื•ื•ืข, 
ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืก ื‘ืืœื–ืื ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธึทืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจืขืžืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ. ื“ื™ ืงื- 
ื–ืืงืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืžืข ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืขืก, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืœ, ื ืฉื•ื™ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜. 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“... ืื™ืš ื‘ืœืึทื ืงืข ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขืง, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, ืขืก ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 400 ื™ืึธืจ, ืจืขืฉื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึธื™ 
ืจืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืงื™ืจืš, ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขืš ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท 
ืคืœื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืึทื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื ืงืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ - ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข -- ื–ื™ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš. ื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ืจืขื‘ ืืจืจื™ึทืขืœืก:+: ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืœ, ื“ืจืฒ 
ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก, ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื™ื“ -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืขืคืขืก ื 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ืคื™ืกื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืœ ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื‘ืข" 
ืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจืืžืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ืฆื• ืงืฐื•ืจืข ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืืŸ ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืืš. 

ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื -- ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 400 ืืึธืจ. 

ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทืขืŸ, ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืขื ืขืก ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœื 
ืžืืฆื™ืขืก, ืคึผืฑืœืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืขืงื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฐื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืคึผืœื•ืฉืงืขืก. 

ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืœืื ื’ืข, ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืœืื ื’ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ(12ืฆืกืŸ. 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ืึธืŸ ื ืฆื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื. 

7 ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ, ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, 
ืคืืจืฉื™ืฒื™ึทื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืจ, ื ืคึผืจืขื–ืฉืขื ื™ืฆืข, ืฉืžืืœืฅ, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืขืžืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜. 

ื‘ืึทืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, 20.7.22 

ืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก -- ื ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืขืœื“-ืืจืžื™ื™-ืฉื˜ืื‘. ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ. ื ืจืฒึทืš ืงืจืขืค' 
ื˜ื™ืง ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืื™ื“ ื’ื™ื™ ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ื ื•ืืกืขืจืžื™ืœ, ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“, ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš 
ื‘ืึธื“ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื›ืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜:ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื™ืŸ. ืฆืฐืฒ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืึธืฉื ื”ืึทืจืข, ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 

ืกืึทืงืึธืœืึธืฐื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืขื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคืึธืจื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ืขื™ื• (ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ). ืื™ืš ื•ืืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืจื“. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื–ืขื˜ื™ืง, 

ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืึธ ืืจื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืฐืขืœื“ืœ, ืืŸ ืืœื™ืืจื. 
ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืื™ื– ื˜ืขืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืกืึธืงืึธืœืึทืฐืก ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 


912 


ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืก, ื ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืข ืฐืืจืขืžืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจืžืื ืงืข ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก, 
ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ. ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ. ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ? ื ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•. ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื›ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท. ื ื•ื™ืœื“ ื’ืื– 
ืœืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก. ืงื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืื™ืขืŸ. ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉ ืคืฒึทืขืจ. 
ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข, ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐืขืœืงื˜ืขืจ, ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจื•ื•ืืงืกืขื ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื‘ืืง. ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื– ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืงืืฉืข. 
ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืึทื–ื“ืขืคึผืึธืคึผืฒื™ืข, ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืœ. ื’ื•ืกื™ืขื•ื• ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืขืฐืขื˜. ื ื”ืืœื‘ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื 
ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืฒืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜, ืขืก ืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืืจื•ื 
ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื–ืื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœ --ื ืจืื™ืึธื“ืงืึธืžืขื ื“ืื ื˜, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืขืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ, ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ืึทืœืคื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืžืข ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš, ืื™ืš ืžื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 20--30 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืึธื ืคืืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข? ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉืึธ, ืžืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืคืขืจื“ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜, ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืึธื‘ืึธื–, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืฉ- 
ื›ืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ืกืจื™ื™ืคืขืก ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, 
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืคืจืึทื ื˜-ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื™ ืืŸ ืึธื‘ืึทื–ื ืข ืคึผืื ื™ืง? 

ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ, ืžื™ืจ ืคืืœืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื‘. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืงืขืจืขืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืฉื•ื ืขื“ื™ืง 
ืึธืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืฉืœ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ืฆื™ืœืœืึธื–, ืœืื ื’. 

ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“, 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜, ืืฃ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื›ืฒึทื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืืก, ื ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจ ืงืืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืขืฉ: ืึธ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืกืืจืคืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ืึธ, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ื™ืึธ, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืœื™ื ื“, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืึธื– ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข, ื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื‘ืœืึทื˜ืข, ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง, ื›ืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืฅ -- 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขื ืึธืจ: ,ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจ" 
ื™ืึธื’ืŸ". ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื ืงืื ืึธื ืื“ืข, ืึธื‘ืึธื–ื ื™ืงืขืก -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืงืจืฒึทื–. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ื‘ืืจืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ืฆืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขื˜, ื ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ ืงืืœืขืžื•ื˜ื ืขืจ ืงืื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื˜ื ื›, ื ืืกืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืคื™ึทืึทืœืขื˜ืขื•ื•ืข ืคึผืืกืŸ ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื’ืจื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื’ืื ืฆืคืจื™ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฐืขืจื‘ืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืš"ืœื™ื ื™ืข -- ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืข, ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข, 4 ืื–ื™ื’ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจื‘ืข. 20.7.23 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ืคื™ื’ืœ, ื‘ืœืึธืฐืข, ืฆึตืข 
ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉืงืืจืคึผืขื˜ืงืขืก. ื ื ืืกืขืจ ืงืœืึธื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืื ืฅ ื•ืขืจื‘ืข ืื™ื– 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืขืœืขืš, ืืœืข ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื‘ืื ื“ืื–ืฉื™ืจ' 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 49-ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืฉื•ืจืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืืจืฉืฒึทื ืœืขืš ืื™ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื ื™ืฆื›ื•ื™ื ืขืก.. ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 11-ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืฉืข ืœืื’ืข, ื“ื™ 6-ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ืขื•, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ืึธืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“, ืฆืขืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืœืึธื“ืงืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืจื‘ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืึธ, ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืฒึทืก ื”ื•ื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข ื’ืืœืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“. ืืœืข ืขืกืŸ -- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืขืคึผืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืข ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืจ - ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืข, 
ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ. ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš -- ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื˜, ืขื ื“ืœืึทื–ืฅ 
ืึธื‘ืึธื–ื“ืœื™ื ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 45-ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 11-ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืขืก. ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืึธื–, ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื, 

ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึทืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืงืึธืจ-ื˜ืฐื•ืข, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™" 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ, ื ื’ืขื‘ืขืจื’ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข. ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, 
ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื ื”ื™ืฅ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ. ื ืกืืš 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฐืขืงืŸ, ืคืืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ืœืข ื•ืืœื“ ืจืื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ืึธืงืขืก. ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืฐืึธึทืœื™ื ืขืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืขืจื’ืขืฅื•ื• ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ื™ืง, ื ืฉืžืขืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืŸ. 

ื ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. 


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ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืข ื˜ืฉืขื›ืŸ, ื ืคืขื˜ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™. ืขืก ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืคืืจ 
0 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆืขืคืืจืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืจืงืข, ืคืจื™ืฉ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืจ 
ื˜ืึทืคืœ, ืžืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ื”ื™ื™, ืžืข ืฉื ืฒึทื“ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื“ื ืฐืฒึทื– ื ืขืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึทืคืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ืคืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืจืขืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืคืึทืจื˜ืื‘ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืื ื’ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืš, ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ -- ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื ื•ื•ืืงื›ืื ืืœื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคืขื˜ืœื™ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ืกื™ืขื•ื•ืก ืฉื•ืจืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฐื•ื™ื˜ืข, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ -- ื ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ืกื˜ื•ื•ืข, ืึธื‘ืึธื–ื ื™ืงืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ 
ื˜ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ืฉื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืืงื˜ ืคึผืœืขืฆืœืขืš. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืžืืžืขืฉ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึทืœืงื ืก ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ. ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขื›ืŸ. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ืงืฒึทื˜, ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืืจืžืขืก -- ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื›ืื–ืขืจ-ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืื•ื•ืข. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืžืขืก ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ -- ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ 
ืฉืึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืคึผื•ึผื™, ื ื”ื•ื™ื“ืœืงืข ืคืœื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืข ื‘ืขืจื’- 
ืœืขืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ. ื“ื•ื‘ื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื ืฉืึธ ื“ืจืฒึท. ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš ืงื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข. ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ:, ื ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื ืงืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ื ืฐืฒึทืกืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืง, ืืŸ 
ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฐืฒึทื‘. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ - ื ื’ืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืจืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ ื 
ืคืขืจื“ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ -- ื ืคืขื˜ืœืฒึทื‘ื™ืงืข, 
ืœืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข, ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข, ืคื™ื ืฃ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื ืคืืจื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขื ืžืืŸ, ืื’ืขื•ื•, ื ืฉื™ื‘ืขืฉ, ื–ื™ ืคืœื™ืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื ืžืขื–ื•ื–ืข -- ืงื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ, ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™, ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ืฉืœืื‘ืขืจื™ืง, ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืš. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื‘ืืจื™ืฉื ื™ืขืก. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข -- ืืŸ ืื•ื›ืื–ืฉืึธืจ. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืื ื˜. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื™ืžืขืก- 
ืžืึทืฐืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื“. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ: , ืฆื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืคึผืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืื ื“ืœ, ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืฃ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœื™ืจืŸ?", ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ -- ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืืœืฅ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ, -- ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื™ืึทื ื™ื -- ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™. ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืคืœื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืงืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก. 

ื“ื•ื‘ื ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก. ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื’ืจืึธืžื™ืจื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื™ืึธืจ- 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืคื™ืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืืฉืข-ืคืขืœื“, 
ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข, ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข, ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืœืขืš, ื›ืืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื’ื™ืง -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืกื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืง. ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืœืขืš, ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆืขืจื˜ืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 200 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืคื™ืœืข. ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข. ืื™ืš ื“ืื•ืŸ, ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืš 
ื“ืื•ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืœืขืŸื˜, ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ ืขืก. ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ ื ืคึผืœืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื•ืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข, ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืืกืงืขื˜ื™ื–ื, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื›ืฑืžืขืจื™ืง, ืึทื ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง, 
ื‘ื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืขืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื ืขืฉืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืื˜ืฒึทื˜ ื ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข? ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ? 

ื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ื ืข, ืคื™ืจ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก, ื ืคืจืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืฆื•ื ืื›ื˜ืก, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืขื ืขืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึท, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืื™ืจืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข -- ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืงืฉืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืœืขื, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“. 

ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ื‘ืขื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ื ื’ืจืึธื‘ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคืœ. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื– 50 ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ ื’ืจืฒึทืคืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ -- ื‘ืึทืจืื˜ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“, 
ื“ื™ 6-ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•, ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื‘ืจืึธื“, ืจืื“ื–ื™ืฐื™ืœืึธื• ืคึผืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“. ื“ื™ 6-ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ. 


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ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ -- ืื™ืŸ ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืื‘. ื“ื™ 6:ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื  
ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ--ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ -- ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ. ื ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ืœืขื, ืงืฒึทืœืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื›ื™ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ึผื•ื• ืืฃ ื“ืขืžื™ื“ืึธืฐืงืข. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืก ื ืขืฉืึธืจ 
ืžืข -- ืืŸ ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืฆืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืงืึธืจืื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืง, 
ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืจืึธื–, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืืจืื›ืึทืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ืง, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื“. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ืึทืจื•ืคึผืืŸ, ืกืžืึธืจื“ืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ื™ 
ื“ืึทืฐื•ืงืข. ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ืึธื‘ืึธื–ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข. 

ืฆื• ืึธืฐื ื˜-ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ื“ืึทืฐื•ืงืข. ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ. ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื“, ืึนืœึฐืฅ 
ืื™ื– ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื•. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืืกืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›ืข ืœื™ืื›ืขืฆืงื™, ืฉืฐื•ืขื›ืฐืขืœ, ื ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืก. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจืŸ -- ื“ืึธืจืข ืืจืึธื ืึธืฐื•ื ืข, ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืืจืฆื™ื‘ืืฉืขื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื”ื•ืœื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืื“ืœืขืกื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืšื•ื•ื™ืจื“ืข, 
ืคืืจืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืœืขื‘ืฒื™ึทืฉืงืฒึทื˜ ื ืฉืœืืœ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ืคืจื•ืžืข 
ื˜ืื˜ืข-ืžืืžืข. ื™ืขื“ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข, ื ืฉืฐืืจืฆื”ืึธืจื™ืงืข, 
ื ืงืจื•ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื ืคึผื•ื›ืงืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืืœื˜ืข 
ืžื•ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืื›ืœื•ื™ืงืขืก -- ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืื‘ืขืก. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคืข ืฆื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคึผืจืขื’ืœืขืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึทืคืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ืฉืขื‘ืึธื•ื•, ืืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืฐืฒึทื’, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ืก. ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื“ืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฐื•ื™ืจื“ืข, ืžืขืœื“ืขื˜, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึธืคืœ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•. 

ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืืฒึทืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ -- ื–ืฉื™ื“ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืจืกืขื ืืœ... ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ. ืฐื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ -- ืกืฒึท ืืจืฆื™ื‘ืืฉืขื•, 
ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืฐื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืงื’ืฅ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ. ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื•ืขืš ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆ. 
ื”ืึธืจื™ืง, ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขื–, ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆืขื”ื™ืฆื˜ืข ืืฑื’ื ืœืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืึธืฉืŸ. ืขืจ ื’ืœืฒื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข, ื‘ื ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืคื™ืจืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืฆืืขืจ, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกืคึผืฒึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื™ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื ืืจื™ืฉ. ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื, ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฒึท, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืงืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืขืจ ืคึผืœืืคึผืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื ื˜ืึธืœืง. ืืฒึทืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ -- 6 ืงืœืืกืŸ ืจืึธืฐื ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข -- ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืœืฑื˜ ืคึผืœืื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ -- ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš -- ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ, ืึธืฐืขืก, ืคึผืขืจื•ืŸ, ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื’ืขืจืฒื™. 

ืžื™ืจ ืขืกืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึธืงืกืŸ, ื’ืขืคึผืจืขื’ืœื˜ืŸ ืงืืจื˜ืึทืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ื ืฃ ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ ืงืื•ื•ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืŸ, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“, ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš, ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข-ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฉืขืฐื™ื–ื, ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™, 
ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืŸ, ืžืึทืกืงืฐืขืจ ืžืื ื•ืคืืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–, ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืขืœืขืจ ื“ืขืœืข:ืืฆื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ -- ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืืจื›ืืคึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขื‘ืึธื•ื•. ืืŸ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื“ืœืึทื’ืข, ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขืžืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื ืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขื•ื™ึทื™ึดื -- ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ืฆื•ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ื“ืขื˜, ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆืึทืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ื˜ืฉืื“ืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืžืคึผืขืœืข, ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืฐืึธื™ืขื˜, 
ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื–ืึธืงืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžื™ื“ืึทื•ื•ืงืข, 
ื ืื›ื˜, ืงืื–ืืงืŸ, ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืืกืŸ. 

ื ืฆืึธืจืข ืžึดื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคึผืœืขืคื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื ืฐื™ ื ื ืื›ื˜ื•ืื ื“. 
ืœืขื™', ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื”ืึทื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ืืš, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืขืจ 0ื˜005041200, ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ, ื–ืฒื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื ืื›ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจืงืขืก. ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข ืื•ื›ืื–ืฉืขืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืข 
ืžืขื ืขืฅ, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข, ืคื•ืœื‘ืœืขื›ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืœืื˜ ืงืœื™ื™ื“. ื–ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืืฑื™ื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ ืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืืฐืขื˜ ืฆึดื™ืจ- 


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ืœืขืš-ืžืื ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš -- ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ? ืขืจ -- ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืขื˜ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฉืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืข, ืžืืกืงื™ื (ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
ืžืืกืงื™ื). ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ื–, ืืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืกื™ืคื™ืœื™ืก, ื ืคืจืื’ืข -- ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฐืงืึธื. 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืืœืข ื–ื™ื“ืœืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™' ืฆืืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜? 

ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง, ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ื ืืก, ืงืืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืœืขืจ ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืขื ืฉืœืืงืกืจืขื’ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืจืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืคืขืจื“. ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืžื™ื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข. 

2095 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžื™ื“ืึธืฐืงืข. ืฆืฐืฒ ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜ 4 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึธื›ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืฉืขื‘ืึธื•ื•. 
ื”ืืœื‘ื ืืงืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืืกืข ื’ืขืจื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืคึผืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฒึทืฐืข, ืขืจ ืคืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืงื ืก ื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฉืืกืžืฒึทืกืข ื ืขืžื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืจืฒึท, ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืกืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ื–ื™ -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื ืขื, ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืื ื˜, ื ื”ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข. ืืฃ 
ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืื ื™ื ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืฐืึธื’ืŸ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข. ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจืžื™ื™. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื’ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืคืขืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 14-ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธ -- 15 ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืืฃ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•, ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš, ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ืคืื˜ืจื•ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธืกื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืืฃ ืคึผืœืขืฐื™ืฆืงืขืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืŸ ืกืงืขืœืขื˜. ื ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ืงื•ืจืกื™ืกื˜ืงืข, ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ืขืคืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืึธื‘ืข:ืžืฒึทืกืขืก, ื–ื™ ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ. 15 ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจืกื˜. ื•ื•ืืš-ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืขืง. ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึทื‘ื ืก. 

ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•. ื ื”ืืœื‘-ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื• ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืืกืงื•ื“ื™ืขื˜. ื ืงื™ืจืš, ืืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืœื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืขื ืกื˜ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ, ืืŸ ืขืงืœื”ืืคื˜ืข ื‘ืืœืขื ืึธืกื˜ืข, ื ื’ืืœื™ื˜ืฉืื ืงืข, ืคืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ืงื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืกืœืื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืŸ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืืœื‘-ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข. 

ืื™ืš ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืข. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’ -- ื˜ืฉื•- 
ืจืึธืฐื•ื™ืฅ. ืฆื™ืจืงื•ืœื™ืืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข. ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืืœืึธื›ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•. ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ, 
ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืข ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก, ืกืฒึท ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืฒึทืŸ. 

ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ึผื•ื•, 20.7.26 


ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. ื•ืจืื ื’ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜. ืžืื›ื ืึธ ืžืื›ื˜ ืึธื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงืื˜ืขืจื™- 
ื ืึทืกืœืืฐืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ืืฐืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืขืก. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ื‘ืื ื“ืขืก, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืขืจืกืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื•ืจืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ื“ื–ืฉืืง? 

ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜. 

ื ืกืืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืื™ื– ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืก ืฉืืจืคืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœ, 
ืคื™ืจ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืึธืจืงืขืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืงืœืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืขืš ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 

ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื–ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืก ืจืขื“ืข, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืื ืขื•ืจื™ืจืŸ, ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืืœ-ืงืœืขืคึผ, 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืœ, 
ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข, ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก. 


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ื ืจืฑื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืข ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืขืฅ ืกืฐืขืฉื ื™ืงืึธื•, โ€ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืขืฐืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืืฐืึธื“ (ื 
ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขืฅ?). ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืคึผื™ืจื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื›ืื™ืœ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ื•ื™ืคื˜. 

ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ืืคึผืื˜ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืขืคึผืขืก ืžืื›ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืกื˜ืข ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืื–ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื’ื™ืš, ืœืืงืจื™ืฅื™ื–ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึธื ืžืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ื ืข, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ, ืื– ื–ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืœ-ื”ืื›ื ืึธืขื“ื™ืง, ืคึผืืกื™ื•ื•, ืขื ืœืขืš ืืฃ ืกื˜ืจืึทื™ืขืฐืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธ -- ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš. ืื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืก ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘. ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ -- ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืึทืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก, ื‘ื ืœืขืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืฐืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 

ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืจ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื”ืืงืŸ. 

ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ, ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืื˜ื™ืื–ืฉืŸ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืœืึธื– ืคื•ื™ืœ, ืฆืขืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœื“ื™ืง ืฆืขืœืึธื–ื˜. ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก -- ืืœืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืง ืืฃ ืกื™ืคื™ืœื™ืก. ืื•ืŸ ืžืื™ 
ื˜ื™ืื–ืฉ, ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ (ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš). ื‘ื ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืคื™ืœื™ืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึทื›ืŸ, ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ืฃ-ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืืฐืจืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ 10 ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฃ-ืงืึทืจืขื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื ืกืขื ื™ืขื˜ืฉืงืขืŸ, 
ื‘ื ื’ืขืจืืกื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืกื™ืคื™ืœื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืงืืœืขืก. ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœ- 
ื“ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืึธื’. ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืึธื’ -- ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš. ืžืข ืขืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืขื ืขื ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ, ืžืข ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื˜ 
ืึทื“ืขืจ ืงืืจื‘ืึธืœืงืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืœืึธื–. ืืœืข ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ -- ืกืืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืคืืจื’ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื˜ืฉื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืขืก, ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืคื™ืœื™ืก. ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜. 

ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธื›ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึทืš ื“ืขื ืึทืกืึทื‘ืึทื˜ื“ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื–ื˜. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 30-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ? 

ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืก ื‘ืืคืขืœ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜. 

ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืžืื˜ื™ืื–ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ืฉืขืŸ. ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก ืฆื• ืžืื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ืจืŸ, ืืจื•ืžืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืš ื ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš. ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•. ืึธื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึทื™ืขื ืงืึธื, ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื’ื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. 

ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ึผื•ื•, 20.7.29 


ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•. ื ืึทื›ืืžืึธืœ ื‘ืื ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก -- ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ- 
ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืึธื ืคื™ืกื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืึธื™ึดืžืขืŸ. ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืืจืื‘ืขืฐืขื˜ ืืฃ 
4 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื’ื™ืœื“ืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ -- ื ื›ื ื™ืคืขื“ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ื–ื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ืœืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ ื–ืขื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธื–ืฉื™ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ื™ืจื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืš ืจืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ. 
ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ื›ื ืคืจืึธื™ึดืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ืžืคื™ืกื™ืงืข, ื ืกืืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ืื - 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจื“ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืžืขื˜ื™ืง, ืฆืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ืข ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจ- 
ื›ืžื•ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข, ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืœืึธื–ืข, ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ื ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข, 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืข ืฆื• ืžืึธืจื“ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ืื•ืžืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืกื˜ืื˜ืขื˜ืฉื ืข ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืจืึธื‘ืขื ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื•ืขืก, ืึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืกื™ืึทื ื“ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืืคึผืขืœื™ื•ืฉืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ื™ืึธืœืŸ. 
ื ื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืกืœืื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืžื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข? 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ึนืžืจื•ื™ึทืง. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 14-ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืจืขื›ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื›ืืคึผื˜ ื‘ืขืจืขืกื˜ืขื˜ืฉืงืึธ. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, ื ืงืื“ืจื™ืœ, ื–ื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœืง"ืคึผื™ืกืืจืŸ -- ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜ืข, ืคืจืขื›ืข, ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืื ื -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื ืึธืš ื ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ -- 
ื ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืื›ื˜, ื ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข -- ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฉื™ื›ืœืขืš. ืึธื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืžืขืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื’ืขืจ. 


121 


ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ืึธืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืข, ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื‘ื ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืขืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืจืžืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจืก ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“. ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื•ื˜ืฉืขืจ - ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง ื’ืึธื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™,, ื ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื–ืฉื•ื•ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฉืžืฒึทืขืฐื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืคืจืขื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, 

ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, ืืžืึธืœ ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ: ,ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืขืจ". ืืฃ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืฒ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜. 

ืขืก ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื˜ 7 ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ืงืืจื’ ื’ืข 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. 

ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื‘ืึธืจืฐืขืกืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืขื ืข ื‘ืืงืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืึนืง ืื™ื– ื‘ืืจื™ื™" 
ื“ืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธืคืขื ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืขืงืœื“ื™ืง. 

ืขืก ืฐื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืขื ืขืจ. ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจืึทื™ึดืžืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ืก ืืฃ ื ื‘ืขื ืงืœ. ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื ืœืขืžืคึผืœ, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ื‘ืึธืจื“, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทื“ืœืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืฆืขืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืื•ืฃ -- ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœืึทืคืŸ -- ื ืงืืก, ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจ 
ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื ืงืœืืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ -- ืคืึธืจืŸ, ื ืคึผืื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื ืงื•ื™ืœื ื•ื•ืืจืคืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ืกืขืจื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš,. ืืœืข ื™ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืžืข ื‘ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืฉ, ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขื˜, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืงืŸื™ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒึท ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืœ -- ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ! ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืง-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื ืืจื™ืฉืข, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืฉืึธืกื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“, ืื™ืš ืฉืึธืงืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืงืืœื˜, ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื ืึธื›ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคืืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœึดื™ืืง ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜, ืื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืง-ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืฉืึธืงืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ. ื ื ืฒึท ื’ืขืคื™ืœ -- ืื™ืš ืงืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื’ื ืœืขืคึผืœืขืš. 
ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ -- ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืขืฅ. ืื™ืš ื›ืืคึผ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ -- ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ. ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจืึธื“, 

ื‘ืจืึธื“, 20.7.30 

ื ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ืฑื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืง-ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืžืขืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, 

ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืคืึธืจืŸ? ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜. 6 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™. ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ, ืื™ืš 
ื’ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื“ืœืึธื’ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืฒึทื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจ ืืœ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืงืขื˜ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื‘, ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืคื™ืจ, 

ื ืึธืš ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืจื•ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘. ื ืงืขืœืขืจ. ื ืงืจื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืœื“. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœืš 
ืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื“. ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ืื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ื ื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืฅ. ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธื ืคืœื™. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง -- ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืืจืขื, ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืคึผืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. 
ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืจืขืฉื›ื•ื™ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืึทืคื˜, ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืื ืฆืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™, ืื™ืš ืฉืจืฒ ืืฃ ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš. 

ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืจื•ื™ึทื ื™ืจื˜, ื‘ืืจืื‘ืขืฐื•ืขื˜. ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื˜ืจ. 
ื ืคืืจืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื•. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืจืง, ืงืืจืœื™ืงืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืคึผืึธื˜ืขืก, ืงืืคึผืึทื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืขืก, ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื–ืงื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื’ืืก, 9 ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืืœื‘- 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืง ื ื ืฒึทืข ืกื™ื ืื’ืึทื’ืข, ื“ื™ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ (ืื•ืžื“ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš), ื ืฉืืžืขืก, ื ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื™ื“ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึธื“: ,ื–ืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืื ื“ืœ?" ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜, 
ืฐื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจืื‘ืขืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ. ื ืคึผืจืขื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื ืื ืึธื’ืข, ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ -- ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. ืฉื•ืฆื’ืจืึธื‘ื ืก, ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืœ, ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืจื ืก, , ืžืฒึทืจืขื• 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข" ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ื™ืจื™ืง ื“ื• ื•ื•ืืจืคืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึนืฃ ื“ืขื. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ, 
ื‘ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืขืกื˜ืจืฒึทื›ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืœืืจืŸ, ืืคึผืขืœืกื™ื ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื˜. 

ื ืฉืึธืกืฒ, ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืงื˜ืข ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืึทืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก, ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข, ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, 
ืคื™ึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข, ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืจืื“ื™" 
ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 


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ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึทื ืึธืฐื•ืฆืขืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ืกื™ื˜ืจืึธ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคืŸ. 
ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง -- ืžืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืจืขื’ืŸ, ืืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืžืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ -- ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื ืขืฉืึธืžืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ื ืžืืกืข 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžืื ื“ืืจื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื–. 

ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื–ืืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ. 

ืก'ื ืฆืึธืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจ. ื’ืืœืคึผืขืจื™ื ืก ืึทื“ืขืกืขืจ 
ื”ืึทื˜ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ, ืืคื“ืขืจื ืื›ื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ืฒ, ืื™ืš 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืžื•ื™ื– ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. ื’ืึทืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืืงืŸ, ื’ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœ, ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืขืจ ื”ืึทื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ืฉืœื™ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืืจื•ื, ืžื•ืจืžืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก, ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ. 

ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ, ื‘ืื ืื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืึธืจืคึผืึธึทืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ... ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืึธ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืงืœื”ืืคื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืืฒึทืขืจืข ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ, ืคืืจื˜ืฒึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. 

ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืžื•ื˜ืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืึธื“. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ ืื™ืš 
ื”ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื’ืจืฒึทืคื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื”ื™ื™ื, ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ โ€ ืฉื˜ืืจืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ, ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืคื’ืขืฐืขืงื˜. 


ื’ืจืึธืš == ืงืขืฉื˜ ื•ื˜ .ืŸื˜2 


ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืืก ื–ืึธืœืึธื˜ืื™ื, ื ืฉืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ- 
ืงืจืึธื, ื ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืงืจืึธื. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜-ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืืœื‘ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ! 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ื ื›ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืœืข ื‘ืึธ 
ืœืขืกืœืื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืคึผืจืื›ื˜. ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื™ื ืงืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื. ืื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ, ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืืจื•ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืžืข ืฆืขืจืื‘ืขืฐืขื˜ ืงืื ืฆืขืœื™ืืจื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ืขืงืœื”ืืคื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธืคื™ื™-ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื›ื™ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ืจืฒึทืก ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ื™ึถืขืฉ. 

ื›ืจืขืกื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืขืก, ื˜ืขื˜ืžืฒึทืขืจื‘?, ื ืฒึทืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืฉืœืืœ ื ืฒึทืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืคึผืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืื ื™ืกืœืื•ื•ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื–ืฉืึทืฉืงืึธืฐ. ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืŸ-ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืงื, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข, ื ืฆืืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ืฉืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ื- 
ืžืขื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื -- ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืžืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข, ืงืœืืกื ืข ื“ืืžืขืก, ืื™ื“ืขืืœืข ื ืขืฉืึทืžืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืื ืึทืฐื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืื ืกื™ืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžืข ืžืื ื™ืข, 
ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉืขืจืก. 

ื ืึธื›ืืžืึธืœ ืœืขืฉื ื™ื•ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ื, ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืกื˜ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืืฐืขืง, ื‘ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืื‘ืขืฐืขื˜ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขื. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื”ืึธื“ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืฆืขืคืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืงืœืฒื™ื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืึธืฐื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื ืคืจืขืกืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืื–ืœ. ืงืืฐืข ื’ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืื ื’, ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’, ืคึผื›ืึธื“ื™ืž- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข:ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ืจืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 14:ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืึธืจื“ื™ื ืืจืฆืขืก ื’ืืœืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ. ืฆึทื• 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜:ืฆื• -- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื–ืฉื™ืžืืœืึธื•ื•ืงืข (ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ืจืึธืฐื™ืฅ), ื ื›ืึธืจืขื• ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื’ืขืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, 
ืืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฉื™ืš, ื ืคึผืฒึทื ืœืขื›ืข ืจืฒึทื–ืข, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ื˜ื™, ืก'ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ืงืจืื ืง, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ื• ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืื ื’. ื ื›ื•ื™ืฉืขืš, ืืŸ ืืœื™ืืจื, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. 

ืฆื• ืึธืฐื ื˜-ืฆื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉื“ื™ื•ื•, ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื”ืขื ื˜ืฉืงืขืก, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘, ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


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ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 


1 ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืึทื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 7 ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื 11 ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึธื“ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’. 

2 ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 3ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6-ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืึธืœืขืกืึธื•. 

3 ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืจืึธืฐื•ื ืข. 
ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืก, ื ื›ืึธืจื•ื•ืื˜. 

4 ื“ื•ื ื“ื™ื˜ืฉ ื˜ืึธืžื (ืึธึทืœืขืงืึธ) ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ (|7} 1895 --1920) -- ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืŸ 

5 ืคื•ื ืขื 25 ืžืฒึท ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 11 ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 1ื™ื˜ืข ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ืืจืžืฒ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื•ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก. ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืŸ 1920 ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 1500 ืกืื‘ืœื™ืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ื– 500. 

6 ื–ืฉืึธืœื ืืจืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืœืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6-ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 

7 ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ -- ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 

8. ืื›ื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื™ื•ื’ืจืึธืกื˜ื", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจืืกื ื™ 
ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืกื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ืฉื˜ืื‘, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคึผื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 

9 ื“ืขืจ 12 ื™ื•ืœ 1920 ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืื ืงืข ืืคืŸ ืคืขืจื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื”"ื˜ 'ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸื’- 
ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืคืขืจื“. 

0. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืขืœืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืฒื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœืข , ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืืง". ืื™ืŸ 1928 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืขื“ืขืœืงื™ื ืึธ 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœืืง. 

1 ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืืงืึธืฐื•ืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข 2043204022 ืืขื•ืž41122 (ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ /611984808). 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืค. ืžืึทืฉืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืžื•ืขืกื˜, ื•ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืขื. ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. 

3 ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 1ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ืืจืžืฒ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ. 

4 ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœืขืก 
/ืขืกื•ืขื–ื ื•ืขืง 41 ,ืข1854286 0 6626 ,822ืกื–ื•ืฅื–ื”110 ืคื ืง6ื;6. 

5. ืก. ืง. ื˜ื™ืžืึทืฉืขื ืงืึธ (1895 -- 1970) ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1919 ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขื 23 ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1920 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6-ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 

6. ืงื ื™ื’ื, ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ (1882 --1961) -- ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6-ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. 

7 ื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•, ืค. ื•ื• (1889 -- 1920) -- ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 6ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, 

8. ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ (ืฉืืคึผืึธึทืฉื ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื), ืžืืจื™ืข (ืžืขืจื™) ืขืžืื ื•ื™ึทืœืึธืฐื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 16 ื™ื•ืœ 1896, 

9, ืก. ืง. ื˜ื™ืžืึธืฉืขื ืงืึธ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืฒึทื˜ืขืจื™ืืจืžืฒื™ึทืฉืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื ืึธืš ืก. ืž. ื‘ื•ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจืฒื™ ื‘ืข 89ืช2266 } 384ืข4826 24 .) {ืขืžื˜ื˜ืกืชืฅื) 
3 ืคึทึผืื” ,1994 ,ืค814689ืก , ื ืขืžืกื˜ /6802000 ื‘ืช) ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื‘ืขืœ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึธื•ื•ืข- 
ืœืขืก, ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืžืึธืฉืขื ืงืึธืก ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ ืืฃ ืกืื•ื•ื™ืฆืงื™. 

0. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข 2860004822 40172021628028. 

1 ื“ื™ ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข 40832820287 228484ื”ื’ื˜4112 ื“ืขืจ ื ื- 
ื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืง. ืง. ื–ืฉืึธืœื ืืจืงืขื–ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื•ืฐื•ืขืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืก 6047. 

, ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ: ,ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึทึผืึท- 
ืœื™ืืงืŸ, ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื’ืืœื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ), ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื, 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืื–ื ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื™ื˜ืœื‘ืืจืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœื™ื˜-ื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 

23. ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 18 ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 21 ื™ื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐื•ืขืœืข 106ืข4162226 
/2036, ื’. 

4 ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข 4862ืข1603 8 116ืข662226. 

5 ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 23 ืื•ืŸ 24 ื™ื•ืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 027ื—64110,016. 

6 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœ 60116802 41 ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื ืึธืฐืขืœืข 2ืขืฅืืฆื’1!-41112600, ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1918, 

7. ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื ืฉืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืžื™ื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืืœืขืจื™ืกื˜" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ (ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜), ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึธื ื“ืขื ื˜ ืง. ืฐื•. ืœื™ื•ื˜ืึธื“ื•. 

8. ื˜ืขื˜ืžืฒึทืขืจ, ืงืื–ื™ืžืขื–ืฉ (1865 --- 1940) --- ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. 


(ืกืึธืฃ ืงื•ืžื˜) 


ืคืจื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐืœื™ื ื 


ืจืขืจ {ืžืขืก 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข -- ื–ืืจื›ื™ืŸ ืกืึธืคื™ื ื™ืึธืกื™ืคืึธืฐื•ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข. ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึทื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 16 ื ืขืคืืฉืขืก, ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืคึผืึทื“ื“ื•ื‘ื™ืข, ืฐื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข (ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืก. ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ). 

ืฐื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ื•ื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื™ื•- 
ื ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื 4/ื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
(ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืจืืฃ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ึนืฉึดื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ืงื•ื™ 
ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธืจืฃ -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ืžืขืงืœืขืš 
ืคืืจืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืื˜ืขื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข 
,ื”ืึธื‘-ืื•ืŸ-ื’ื•ื˜ืก", ื‘ืื’ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืงื•ื™ื 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืกืขื‘ืขื–ืฉ 
(ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ 
ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืข- 
ื ืขื ,ื˜ื›ื•ื-ื”ืืžื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื•". ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, 
ืื•ื‘ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืื–ื™ื ืก ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ -- ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืื™ื– ืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืกืขื‘ืขื–ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืขืจื“ -- ื ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืฅ 
ืึทื–ืขืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 


ืจื‘ื› /ืžื™ืŸ, 


--ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืžืขืก 


ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืกืืš, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืกืืš, ืžืขืจืกื˜ื ืก -- ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืึทืจืขืžืข- 
ืœืฒึทื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืกื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืก ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ -- ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืืฆืขื•ื•, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™- 
ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจืงื ืืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืฉื™ืงืขืจ, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉ ื“ืขื’ืจืื“ื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืจ- 
ืคื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉืื ื“ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืœืื›ืœื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฅ ื ืึธืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜. ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื›ืื“ืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืื™ื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ืกืืง ืคืืœืงืึธื•ื• ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื’ืขื–ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. 

ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜, 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. 


15 


ืคืจื™ื“ืข ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•ืœื™ื ื ืื™ื– 90 ื™ืึธืจ ืืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ- 
ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืืŸ, ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜. 


ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ื“ืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืœืฒึทื‘- 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืืงื™ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’. 
ืืœืก ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉื˜ืขื˜, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ. ืจื–ืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื›ืฐืขืกื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฐืึธืœื’ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื”ืฑื™ื›ืข, ื‘ืื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืงืข 
ื›ืจืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ ืฆึทื•ื™ื™ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืกืึธื›ืจื™ืฉ-ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ึทืขืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ -- ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืกืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืจืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ืง, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืฐืฒึทืขืก. ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืจื™ืง ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื ืคืืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐืขื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื‘ืฆืขื•ืฐืึธ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขื•ื•, ืื•ื™ืš ื 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข. 


16 


ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฒึทืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืจื–ืฉืขื•, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืก:ืงืจืืคื˜. ืืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื‘ืื ืกืืžืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจ- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ืกืึธื‘ืึธืจืขืจ 
ื‘ืืจื’". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืœืฒึทืก 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ืคื’ืขื“ืจืืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’, ืžื•ืจืžืœืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืจื’, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื’ืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืฐืกืงื™ืก 
ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ื, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขื•, ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืœื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืกื˜ืจืึทืฐ- 
ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึทื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึทืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืฅ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฆืึธืœืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื ืฐืฒึทื–, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1917, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ. 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ, ื‘ืื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•ืœืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทื’ืึทืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื™ื’ืœื ืขื ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืฉืžืึธืœื™ื ืงืข, ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื' 
ื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืข, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ 
ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืคืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืก 
ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœืงืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืืš. 

ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื? ืฐืฒึทืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืŸ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืื•ืจืื’ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื’ืจืึธืžืฉื˜ืฉื™ืงืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืึท- 
ืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ;ื ื™ื™ืŸ" ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ืจืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1905, ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืข 
ื•ืขืŸ 7 ื™ืึธืจ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ 
ืื™ืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ-ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืง 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืขืจ, 
ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ื›ืื˜ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืงื™ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึธื›? ื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืง 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“. ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง, ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ืืจื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ื•ืขืžืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ืข, ืฆื•ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคึผืึธืคึผืึธื ืข, ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข: 
ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืš? 

ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืคืืจ. 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจ. 
ื˜ื™ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื˜ื™ืจืœ ืฆื• ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ 
ืงืขืจ ืงืœืื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืคึผืฒึทื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคึผื˜ ื ืžืื˜ืจืืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื™ืฉืขืœืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ื 
ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื ืคืืจืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึธืคึผืจื•ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ื•ืฐืขื’, ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ืฉืœื™ื›ืขืก. 

ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ื˜ืึธืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ืกื™ืœื•ืขื˜ืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒื™ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš 


ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืขื, ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก. ื•ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืœื•ื ื’ืขืšืึธื  
ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ืขื˜ืืคึผ, ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืœืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงืœืื“ืึธืฐื•ืงืข ืื™ื– ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขืฐืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข 
ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืœืืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ 
ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืฆืขื ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืึธืจืžืข. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืื– 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ,ื–ืืงืึทืŸ ื‘ืึธื–ืฉื™". ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืฑื‘ื ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืฒึท ื“ืขื 
2ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ืคืืจืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื 
ืœื•ื™ื‘-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื›ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืฆืข ืื ื˜ืึธื™ 
ื ื™ื ื ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ืขื•ื•ื ื ื˜ืจืึธื™ึทืฆืงืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ,ื‘ื' 
ื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงื", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืขื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืืœืข ืคึผืกืืœืžืขืŸ, ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืฉืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืฉืงื ืจืึธื–ืฉื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื•. 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืกืืš 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ -- ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงืจืื ืงืข, ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืงืจืื ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธืคึผืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื•ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืื“ืึธื•ื•ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืกืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆึทืฒ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืื ื“ืืจืžืขืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1908 ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืืœืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึนึผืึท 
ืœื™ืฆื™ื™: ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขื, ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื– ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื“ืขื›" 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืจืื ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจ' 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืข 
ื–ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 


ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื‘ืึธื“ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆึตื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืื ื“ืืจืžืข" 


17 


ืจื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœืฅ ืืจื•ื ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืงืึทื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจื˜! ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืขืจืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืฉืื“? 

ืœืื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆืฒ, ื–ื™ืš 
ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืึธ (ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆื™ึทืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข), ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคืืจื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืงืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžืืจืงืก' ,ืงืืคึผื™ 
ื˜ืืœ", ืื™ื ืงืึธื ืคื™ืกืงื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 
ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข. ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืืจืขืกื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื™ืข- 
ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืจ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒื™ึทืฉืขืจ ื–ืฉืืŸ- 
ื“ืืจืžืขืจื™ืข: ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ 9 ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจืœื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ื›ืกื™ืžืข. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข, ืฐื• ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจ" 
ืกืื ื˜ืงืขืก, ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืข -- 
ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœึถืขืฆื˜ืข: ื“ื™ 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ืœืขืจื ื˜, ื˜ืจืึธื™ึดืฆืงืื™ื ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ื ื™ืขื•ื•ื’ืจืืคื™ืขื•ื•ื ื, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืœืึธืกืืœืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืกืื™ื– ื’ืข" 
ื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืืฃ ื ืžืืกื™" 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ, 
ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ: , ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืืกืงื™ื, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืข, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ,ืฐืึธืœืคื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜". ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜, ืขืึธืจ 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืืฒึทืš ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜", 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืข ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื™ื™ืฆืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ื‘ื" 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืฆืฒึทื˜ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื“ืจืขืกืŸ 

ืฆื• 14 ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืžื ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1914. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 16 ื™ืึธืจ, 
ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืžืฒึทื ืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื  ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื˜ืื˜ืข. ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืฉืคึผืืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืข ืžืืžืข! ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืคืœืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ,ืฐืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข?", ืคืœืขื’ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ: ,ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜". ืื™ืŸ 
1 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื“ื• 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื•ื™" 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธืจื›ื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืข- 


18 


ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, 

ืื™ืŸ 1919, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืืฐื•ืขืง ืืคืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 12-ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจืžื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 44:ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื:ืžืฒ- 
ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึธึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืœื“-ื”ืึธืกืคึผื™ื˜ืืœ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืจืื ืงืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื™ืœื“ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ื™ืš- ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขืง-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืžืข- 
ื“ื™ืงืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง 
ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข. ืฐื™ ืืœืข ืงืจืื ืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืืœ ื’ืขืงืจืขื ืงื˜ ืืฃ 
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง" 
ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, 

ื•ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืจืื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ 1921 ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืืœ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื˜ืฉ ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ื ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขืฐื™ืง, ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 65-ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืขืจ 
ื˜ืฉืืคึผืฒึทืขืฐ-ื“ื™ืฐื™ื–ื™ืข, ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืกืฐืขืจื“ืœืึธื•ื•ืก ื ืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืจืฒึทืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืŸ ืึธืกืึธื‘- 
ื ื™ืืง ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืขืœืขืฆืงื™-ื’ืขืกืœ, ื“ื™ ืืื•ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื–ื™" 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืกืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืึธืœืึธืฐืงืข. ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืืจื’, 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืš, ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื•ื•ื™" 
ื ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข -- ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืฐืขืจื“ืœืึธื•ื•ื–ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื 
,ืคืจืขืžื“ืข" ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ืŸ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืึธืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข) ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื- 
ืžืขืŸ: ,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ." 
ื“ืขื 1:ื˜ืŸ ืžืฒึท 1923 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืžืฒึทืข, 

ืืฒื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™" 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืฉืœ ืคืืจ ืฐืขืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืข, -- ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืืงืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืกื•ืจ" 
ื’ื•ื˜ืฉื™ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœืขืŸ -- ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ" 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™" 
ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืคึผืืคึผื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืœืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืื–ืฉืงืข. ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืืจ' 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ื™ 
ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื–ืฉืขื•ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 


8--17 


ื ื™ื™ึธื“ ื ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจ (ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื 
ืกืืš ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื—ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืก" 
ืœืื ื“). ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืฐืขืง ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื 
ืฉืขืจืขืจืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื™ืœื“ , ืคึผืืจื™ืงืžืื›ืขืจ -- ื–ืฉืึธืจื–ืฉ". 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ืš. ื“ื™ ืžืืžืข, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืœืฉืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืข ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ... 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœื™ืงืึท- 
ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™. ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื. ื . ืคึผืึทืกืงืจื™ืึธื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐืŸ, ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ. ืคึผืึธืกืงื•ื™ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ื™ืฉ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืจืงืึธืžืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ 
ืึทื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื˜ืฉืืจืœื– 
ืจืขื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจืื–ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืคืŸ-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™' 
ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึนืœืฅ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืงืœื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ -- ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืื– ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืึธื ืงืึธืจืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืžืฒึทืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื˜ืื˜ืข, ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืกืืง ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืžืขืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข -- ืืฒึทื–ืขืง ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
2, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ 150 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ื“ืึทืœืืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืจื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืงืืจืื˜ืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืกื™ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœืžืึธื ืข 
ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ืจื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ 
ืื–ื ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืข. 

ืคึผืึธืกืงืจื™ืึธื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ ืคืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ื ืงื•ืง ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: , ืื™ืš 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ -- 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ..." 

ืคึผืึธืกืงืจื™ืึธื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก, ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืœื™ื•ื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš 
ืืฒึทื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ". ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– , ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืืฃ ื–ืขืงืก ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ืื–ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 


ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืื“, ื“ื”. ื“ื™ ืืœืžืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื˜ืืจืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆื™ืขืŸ. ื–ืขืงืก ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ืฐืขืœืŸ ื’ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ. 
ืžืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ื™ืึธ ื‘ืืง" 
ืžืขืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก: {) ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฒึทื ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืึธืงืŸ; 2) 
ืื•ืžื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื– 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื’ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืืกืขื ืข-ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ; 3) ืื•ืŸ ืœืฑื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™" 
ืงืข ืืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™" 
ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืข ืคืืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืŸ. ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงื- 
ื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ". 

ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืงืข ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ืืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื, ืื™ื• ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืงืœืืจืข. 

ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜. 

ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก, ืึนืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื’ืข 
ื”ืึธืคึผื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืืจืื ื˜ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™-ื™ืึธืจืง, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ื’ื•ื“ื–ืึทึธืŸ. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ื˜ื- 
ืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ. ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืข- 
ืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“. 

ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืขืจืกืื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืืกืื–ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืœืืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื“ืืจืคื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืฒึทื ืึทืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข 
ืคืืจื”ืขืจืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื“ืฐืึทืงืื˜ 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืึธืจืง, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืข- 
ืคืึธืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื’ืžืขืกื ืขืคืขืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืงืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืื›ื™ื ืงืข ืงื•ื™- 
ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ 


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ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, 
ืื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆืขื˜ืขืœืข, ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืึทื™ืœื™ื ืขืŸ: , ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–! ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ!" ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ: ืืคืŸ 
ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึท. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื“ 
ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ืฆืฒ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื’ึฐืขึดื™ 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ 40 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืœืืจ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืฃ-ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆืฐื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข". 

ื•ื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืึทื’ืื™ืึธ, ืฐื• ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™" 
ื“ืขืจ. ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ืืฃ ื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ -- 
ื‘ื™ื– ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืฒึทื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’- 
ื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก. 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืงืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคืึทื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื›ืกืงืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื‘ืขืจื ื™ืข ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึท 
ืฆืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1924, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•' 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื˜. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืœืง ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื™ 
ื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ, 
ื‘ืฒึทืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜', ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืจื•ื™ืง. 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื’ืข 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ื ืฒึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื’ืื™ืึธ"' ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ;ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื™ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข". 

ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ืืŸ ื ืงืึธืžืกืึธืžืึธืœืงืข, ืื™ื– ืื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืขืงืจืึธืœืึธื’. 

ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืืงื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืกืข ืฉืžื™ื›ืœืขืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืฅ ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 


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ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœื˜... 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขืก. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœืึทื–ืฉืข -- ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ 
ืœืึธื–ืฉืข -- ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืืœืžืึธื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื. 
ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ -- ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื™ื ืฃ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืจืฆืข 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืืœืขื˜ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ: ืžื™ื˜ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜ -- ืคืฒึทื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข. ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ืึธ 
ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื. 
ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื: ื•ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธื ืงืึธืจ- 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืงืœืืจืข? ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ 90 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ ื“ืึทืœืืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ื›ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฆืึทืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ 
ืื“ืฐืึธืงืื˜ืŸ,. ื“ืขื ื˜ืื˜ื ืก ืืœืžืึทื ืข -- 60 ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืœืืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“, 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
,ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’"? ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคืืจ- 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข? ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืข 
ื“ืืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ. 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืฒึทืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ื ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืืžืขืŸ... ,ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืš, 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜". 

ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ 
ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืกืงืจื™ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐืŸ. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืืจืฆื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขืžืข. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

-- ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ? -- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคึผืึธืกืงืจื™ืึธื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ. -- ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™, ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกืขืง- 
ืจืขื˜ืืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทืฉืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ. 

ืคึผืึธืกืงืจื™ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืขืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืื ื“ืื˜ 
ืืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ืฐืขื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืข 
ืฉืขืŸ, -- ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜. 

ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฒื‘ืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืฒึทื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ืžืื ื™ืขื–ืฉ. ืจืขื›ื˜ืก -- ื“ืขืจ 


ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืึทืฐืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืงืก -- ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ืšื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ึดืึธื˜ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืก -- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืค- 
ื ืื-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื™ืฐืื ืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืฃ ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืฆื• ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื“ื™ืกืคึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื™ืข: ื ื’ืืจืื–ืฉ, ื ืžืืฉื™ืŸ, ื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ... ืžืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื˜, ืงืจืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ืžื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœ 
ืงืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืœ 
ื’ืืจ -- ื“ื™ืžื™ื˜ืจืึธื•, ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืง, 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ืŸ -- ืงืืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืขื–, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ื' 
ืœื™ืขื ืขืจ -- ื˜ืึทืœื™ืื˜ื™ (ื“ืืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ -- ืขืจืงืึธืœื™), ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืืคึผืื ืขืจ -- ืกืขืŸ ืงืื˜ืื™ืืžื, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืš - ื’ืึธื˜" 
ื•ื•ืืœื“, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื’ืืจ -- ื‘ืขืœื ืงื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข' 
ืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื -- ืคึผื™ืื˜ื ื™ืฆืงื™, ืžืขื ื–ืฉื™ื ืกืงื™, ืกื˜ืืกืึท- 
ื•ื•ื, ื•ื•ืืกื™ืœื™ืขื•ื•ื, ื’ืึธืคึผื ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื“ืึท ื‘ืื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ, ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆื ืก 
ื ืงืจืขื ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืœ. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืจื™ืขืจื™ื–ื, ืขื’ืึธื™ึดื–ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืก. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ 
ื“. ื–. ืžืื ื•ื™ืœืกืงื™. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืื‘ื™ื ืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืœื“ ื“ืขืจืœืฒื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ- 
ื”ืขืœื ืคึผื™ืง. ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ื™" 
ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืฒื™ 
ื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืืงื•ืจืื˜ื ืขืงืฒึทื˜... ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืขืจ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืง โ€ ืงืจืืกื ืื™ื 
ืจืึธื–ื" ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืžืึธื‘ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื˜ืขืœืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืŸ ืงืื˜ืื™ืืžื. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ืืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืจืื ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืื“ื’ืขืกืŸ, ื™ื™ ื’ืืœืื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขื“ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืคึผืœ. ื›'ื’ืข- 
ื“ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื–, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื›ืื™ึธืœ ืื™ื•ื•ืื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ึธืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืžืขืœืขืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืœืกื˜ืึทืœืึธืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืจื™ื’ืึธืจื™ ืื™ื•ื•ื- 
ื ืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึธื™ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ืขื - 
ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืงืืœื™ื ื™ื ืขืŸ. 

ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1931--1934, ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืึทืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


ื“ื•ืื ื“ืœืก-ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืืฉ 
ืงืขื ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื ืง. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 1935 ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืฆื• 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื•ื• ืงืึทื ื’ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืขืšื–ืืœ, 
ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธื ืขืŸ, ืคึผืจืึธืคึผื•ืกืงืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœืข 
ื’ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกื˜... ืืœืฅ ืฐื™ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš... 

ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืงืœืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ื•ื ื’ ื˜ืืจ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ื›'ื–ื™ืฅ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉ, 
ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืžืœ-ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, 
ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืึทืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ -- ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืง... 
ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืข ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ, ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ื–ืื, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ: 
ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงืึธื ื’ืจืขืก. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ -- ื . ืง. ืงืจื•ืคึผืกืงืื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืž. ืื™. ืื•ืœื™ืื ืึธื•ื•ื. ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ื”ืขืคืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืขืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื™ 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืžืข- 
ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืืฉื™ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ 1936 ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืขืจืืŸ, ืืคืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ-ืื™ืจื- 
ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื ืง. ื ืกืืš ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ืขืจืืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ -- ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืœืฒื™ื“ืึธืกืงืึธืคึผ ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืฆื•ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1937 ื™ืึธืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืข 
ืžืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืจื™ื–ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืข 
ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆึดืขึดื™ 
ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืื ืก ืืŸ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื›ืืฐืขืจ ืคึผื™ืึธื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขื•ื•ืœืืžืคึผื™ืขื”, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืฉืืคึผืฒึทืขืฐ-ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืขื•ื•ืœืืžืคึผื™ึดืขืฐ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื•ื˜ื™ืจืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ, ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื•ื•ืืกืงืื ื™ืืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืงืื ื™ืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืึทื ืื–ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข. ืืฃ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึทืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข 
ื‘ืื ืง -- ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ ืงืฑ' 
ืžืขืŸ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 24.00 ืื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืกื˜ื- 
ืœื™ื ืก ืกื˜ื™ืœ -- ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื– ื˜ื™ืจืึธืฐืœื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 


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ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜. ืึทื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจ' 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืืฃ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืึทื ืขื -- ื’ืจื•ื™, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ -- 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืจื™ืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจืžืืœ. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื•ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื‘ืื ืง. ,ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื– 
ื‘ืืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข ืคืจืฒึทืฐื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืื”ืขืœืคืขืจ, ืืจืขืก. 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืš, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ึทืึทื ืื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื™ 
ืกื™ืข". ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืงืึธืฉืข, ืื–ื 
ืฐื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืฐืขืง 
ืื”ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ' 
ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื ื 
ื’ืœืื“ืงืึธื•ื•ื ื”ืึทื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: , ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ืื˜ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ืขืœ , ืœื™ื•ืงืก" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืขืœื ืงื•ื ืขืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ื›ืืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง. ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜". 

ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืก-ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœืก ืจืขืคืขืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืจืื–ืฉ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืื ืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืžืขื“ืขืก:ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื›ืืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืžืึทืœื“ืŸ ,ืื™ืš 
ื“ืจื™ืง ืืฒึทืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืงืึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ.." ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืข 
ื–ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืšืึธื ืจื•ืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข. ื“ืขื 
0'ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื‘ืขืจ 1937 ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืืคืŸ ื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื˜ืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืข 
ื ืขืžืขืจ ื‘ืืœื“ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืึธืงืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜-ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืžืืžืข, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืฐื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื•, ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™?" 
ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืึทืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืืคึผืฒึทืขืฐ-ื“ื™ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื˜ืืœ, ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื™ืืงืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื˜ 
ืขืจื ืขืกื˜ ืœืขืคึผื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ืึธืจื™ืก ื˜ืืœืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื™ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ. ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜.. ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืข ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืืœืขืจ ืคื™ืœืคืืจื‘ื™ืงืข 


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ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ืืฒึทื ื“ืจื•ืง. 
ื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ: , ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื™ 
ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื•ืขืงืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืืœืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื– ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึทื ื’ืขืงืœืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืžืื ืฆื‘ืœืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืึทืจื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึทืจื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืฑ 
ืจืึธื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ 
ื ืึธืจ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜, ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืืœืฅ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื“ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื- 
ืœืึธื“ืŸ, ืฆืขืคึผืจืืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืžืึทื“ืื ืขืก, ื“ืขื ืืœืžืขืจ. 
,ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ืจืึธื•ื•ืœื™ื ืขืŸ... ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคืœืขืฉืขืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคื•ืขืก, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืœืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืœืืงืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: , ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ื˜!"' ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›'ื”ืึทื‘ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ... 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืขื ืฐืฒึทื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืœืื ื’ืข ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึทืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื•ื“ ืืฃ ืงื•ื–ื™ 
ื ืขืฆืงืข-ื’ืืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ (ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืงืข ืจ. ืก. ื–ืขืžืœื™ืื˜ืฉืงื. 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ)... 

ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื“ืึทืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืš. ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืจืงืข, ืœื•ื‘ื™ืื ืงืข -- 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•- 
ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœืข ืคืืจื”ืขืจืŸ... 75 ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง", ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืืžืขืจ... ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฑื™ืจืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ... 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืืจื•ื ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ -- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 8 ื™ืึธืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืœืื’ืขืจ. ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš 
ืœืื ื’ืข ืคืึธืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืคื™, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืง- 
ื•ืข -- ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืคึผืึทื˜ืžื ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจื“ืึธืฐื™ืข... 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœืึท- 
ื˜ืขืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืคื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืฃ- 
ืึธื•ื•ื˜ืฉืืจืงืขืก... ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื– ืฆื™ึดื ื“ืึธืจืฃ 
ื˜ืขืžื™ืืงื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืœืื’ืขืจ. 

ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืขื˜ืืคึผ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื ื‘ืจืขื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื›'ืฐื•ืขืœ ืึธื  
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 1940, ืฐืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืจืขืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขื’ืขื–ืฉ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ - ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ,ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ", 

ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืœืฑื’ืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืข ืืขืจืึธืคึผืœืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึธืžื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜. ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืืงืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืืฃ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. 

ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉื˜ืึธืงื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื ืืจืขืก, ืฉืœืข- 
ืกืขืจ, ืคืืจื™ื’ืœื˜ืข ื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืื™ืึธืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืœืฆืขื ืขื ื”ืขืจื™ื ื’, 200 ื’ืจืื 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื’ืึทืŸ -- ืืŸ ืขื ื’- 
ืฉืืคื˜, ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ, ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš, ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื˜ืจืขืคึผ- 
ืœืขืš, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืœืึธื’ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืื’ืึธืŸ -- ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืœืึธืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธืขื ืœืื ื’ ืงืึธืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื“ืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืงืจืื ืงืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืืจื˜ืข, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืžืื˜ืขืก... ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก -- 
ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืžืขื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืš, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืš ืืคืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืก, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืื ื’ ืฆืขืคืืงืŸ... 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ โ€ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืก ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ืฅ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ... 

ืฐื™ ื ืกื˜ืืจืึธืกื˜ืข (ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข) ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื 
ื’ืึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืื–ืึทืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืจื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืขืœืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 


ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืฃ ืืœืฅ 
ืจืขืœืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื ื–ืื 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉืจืึทืงืขื ืขืฅ 


ืคึผืขื ืขืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคืขื ืข ื˜ืขืคืœื•ืฉืงืขืก-- ืืœื˜ืข 
ืœืฒึทื˜,, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ. 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืขืฉ. ืืœืข ื‘ืื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืคึผืœื•ืฉืงืข ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ื 
ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืงืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื™ึทืฉืŸ ืจืื™ืึธื“ืงืึท 
ืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืืกื™ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืœื˜ ื 
ื™ืึธืจ 40. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจืขืกื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ืคื™ืจ ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

,ื—ื•ึผ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™? ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื ื˜ืœืฑืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ?" -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื‘ืืจืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืค 
ืœื•ืฉืงืข, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœืกืŸ (ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“. 
ื–ืขืจืขืจ) ื ื‘ืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจืฑืกืง... , ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืืกื™ืข, -- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื’ืฒื™ ืฆื• ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ืืŸ, 


ืคืจืขื’ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ืกืง ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ..." ืคืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ืงืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืงืขืจ ื•ืื’ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ 
ืฆื• ืืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืคึผื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจืฑืกืง, ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืกื™ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืขืจืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื‘ืจื•ึนื™ืกืง ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื" 
ืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฐืฒึทื ืขืจ. ,ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ,. ืืœืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ. 
ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืœืืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง. ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืืคืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจืฑื™ 
ืกืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืืฅ, ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆืืžื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื›ืœื“ืจืึธื˜, 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™, ื‘ืื’ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืขืจืึธืกื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜... ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืฉืื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ". ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื‘ืจืฑืกืง, ื‘ืื’ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ? ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึท? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืืกื™ืข 
ืฐืฒึทื ืขืจ? ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขืงืจื™ืžื˜ ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื™ืžืืกืข, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืคึผืœื•ืฉืงืข, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคึผืœื™ืขืกืงืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืกื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืจ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื ืืจืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื ืึธืจืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข: 
,ื™ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื‘ืจืฑื™ืกืง, ื–ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ืืฒึทืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืื›ืข, ืืฒึทืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ..." 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ืœืื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ 
ื˜ืึธืœ ืืœืก ืงืจืื ืงืŸ-ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืกืœืขืก ืคืืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 5 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐื™ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜. ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ,ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธ -- ื”ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜". ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ืืงืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ 10 
ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ืคืืจื’ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข. 
,ื›'ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืงืขืจ, ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื“ืขื ืงื˜", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืื’ืข. 
;ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืข 
,ืืจื‘ืขื˜", ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืงื™ืจืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื™ื™". 


133 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื•ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข. ,ื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ, -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืืงืึธืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ, ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืฃ ืื™ื 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ืฐื•ื™ืงืขืกื˜ืœ!" ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ,ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆ 
ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื 5 ืึธืจ". ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืกืงืจื™ืึทื›ื™ืฉืขื•ืŸ: , ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึธื’: ,, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒึทืš ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜". ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืข" 
ืฉืขืŸ -- ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜". 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืืงืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืฐืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืขืกืœ, ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ , ื’ืึธืœื“", ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ืึทื ืข", ืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ: 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืืฃ 2 ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ื›ืื“ืึธ- 
ืฉื™ื ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 8 ื™ืึธืจ! 

ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืขืกืœืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทื’ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขืก ืฆื•ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื™ืข ืฉืฐืึทืžืขืŸ -- ืฉืืžืคึผื™ื ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืฆืึธืจืขืก 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ืŸ ืึธืžืกืง, 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ -- ,58", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืกืคึผืึทืจื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ,ืœืขื‘ืŸ' ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื–ืฉืื˜ืฉ... ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื ืงื™ื•ื“, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ืš ืงืืจืื‘ืงืขื˜ ืืฃ 


ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข, ื’ืœืื˜ืข ืฐืขื ื˜, ืฐื• ืฆื•ื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก. ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ, 
ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึทืจืฆืœื˜... 

ืื™ืŸ 1956 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทืงื•ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ -- 
ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐื•ืœื™ืŸ ื–. ืื™. ืื™ื– ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืจืขืื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืš, ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ื ื ืค. ืื™., ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขืื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืžืฒึทืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 1938, 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืื’ืก ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืจื™ืื–ืขืฐืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™" 
ืงื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1944, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– -- ืœื•ื ื’ืขืšืึทื ืฆื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. 

ืื–ื•ื™ืืจื•ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืจืžื™- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืคืืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 1956 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธื ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื“ืŸ, ืื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ืื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 1919 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื• 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืจืื™ืงืึธืžืขืจ ื“ืืžืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืกื™ืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜... ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ -- ื˜ื•ืจืึธืฐืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื“ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™-ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜... 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ --ื‘. ืืจืงื•ืก ืงื™ 


ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื™ืืจ 


ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœืœื™ืจื™ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืื™, ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื™ืืจ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื“ื™ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฒึท ื˜ืขื’ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื• 100 ื˜ื•ืฑื–ื ื˜ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ , ืงื™ื ืึธื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืงื™ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื. ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืกืขืก ืœื™ื“ ,ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื™ืืจ". ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื 
ืคืึธื ืึธื’ืจืื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื›ืื–ืึธึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืœ 
ืžืึธืœ;:ื“ืจืื›ืžื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ื™ื•ืจื™ ืกืึธืงืึธืœ. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื ืึธืฆื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจื•ืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ , ืคืืžื™ืื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืจื•ืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


134 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ืœื•ื–, ื“ืขืจ ืจืข- 
ื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืžืืจืง ืจืึธื–ืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืžืืฉืข ืื™ื˜- 
ืงื™ื ื. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฐื•ืฆื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื“ื™ืจืขืง- 
ื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ,ื™ืื“ ื•ื•ืืฉืขื" ื•ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœ) 
ื™ื™ึทืฆื›ืืง ืืจืื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื˜ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“. 

ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืฐื ึฐื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื ,ื’ืขื ืึทืฆื™ื“" (ืคืฉื). 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ืึธึทื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื - 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทืฐื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขื ืงื™ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก 
ืงืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืื•ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 


ืขืœื™ืฉืขื•ืข ืงืื ืฆืขื“ื™ืง 


ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข 


ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ืืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื™ 
ื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื‘ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ. 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื™ืื˜. ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ืžืฑื™ื›ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื™ืขื˜ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืŸ 
ืคืฑืœืŸ: ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึทืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข; ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ -- ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ-ืึธื˜ืจื™ืื“ ,ืคืืจืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ', ืงืืคึผืœื™ืŸ- 
ืกืงื™ -- ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื- 
ืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืข; ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœ 
ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ-ื’ืขื–ืฅืœืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืจ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื" 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ืืžื›ืึธื™ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทื™ืื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืค 
ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขื•, ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ืคืฒึทืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ืขืžืขืก, ื’ืข 
ื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ 1914, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข-ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืคึผืœื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข: ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื–ืฉืขื˜ืœ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื“ื ืข; ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืžืืจืง'ืคึผืœืืฅ, 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื“ืขืก. 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ื•ืขืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™: 


-- ื–ืึธื’ ื ืึธืจ ื–ืึธื’, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื•, ื™ืื˜, 
ื™ืึธืกืœ, ืฉื•ื™ื˜ืข? 

-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืกืึธืœื“ืื˜ 

ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข... 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื˜ืึธื ืขืก ื‘ืืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ: ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืจืฒึทืš-ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ 
ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืขืœืก, ืœืขื‘ื ืก- ืื•ืŸ ืงืืžืคืกื•ื•ืขื’: ืืŸ 
ืืœื‘ืึธื, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืื ื˜-ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึทืจื™ื™ืขืœืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื 
ืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืจืฑื™ืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™" 
ืจื™ื. 

ืก'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืงื™ืฆืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• 
ื‘ืืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ 
ื”ืขืœื“. ืก'ื•ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืขื-ืขืœืคึผืึธื ืขื, ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื™ึทื ืคืืœืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื ื˜ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 


ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื•ื™ืœื ืข... ืกืื™ื– 
ืกืึธืฃ โ€ ืžืืจื˜. ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืฅ- 
ื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืืจืงื™ืฉืขืคื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืข 
ืžืืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืœืขืš ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™, ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ื•ืืจืŸ. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื›ืึธืœืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึผ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆืืจื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–. ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืึธืœืขื. 
ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธ. ืื™ืš ืœืขื‘ ื“ืึธ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืข ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื‘ื™ืฉืขื•, ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“. ื“ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืข 


139 


ืฉ. ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืื ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ืกื™ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขืคื•ื ื’ืกื™ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ (ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1948) 


ื›ืึธืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ืžืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ื‘ื™ื– 
ืืฒื ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1944, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืฒืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืืฃ 
ื ืคืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืืกืŸ-ืฉืœืื›ื˜. ื™ืึธ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืืก... 

ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื•ื˜, ืื– ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืขืจ. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฆืขืงืืœื™ืขื˜ืฉืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ื ื™ืฆืœ-ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืขื ืข ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืœืžืึธื ืขืก ืืฃ ืงืฐืึธืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ 
ืคืืจื‘ืฒึทื’ืฒืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืฉืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื•' 
ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืคื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฉืคึผื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืข 
ื›ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทืคืœ ืœืขื‘ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื“ืขืจืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขื“ืืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืึธืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึธื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒื™ืžืฉื˜ืึธื˜. 

ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื, 
ืคึผืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืืกืŸ-ืžืึธืจื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืืจ... ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืื ื“! ื“ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืฅ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื‘ืื ื‘ืœ 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข (ืคืคึผืึธ), ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš 


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ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ืงืืžืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืืจืฅ. 

ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืจ... ื•ื™ึธืื–ื•ื™? ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ?.. 

ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืคึผืึท - 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืจ" 
ืกืงืœืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฉืึธืง (ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืข), 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื’ืขืคืืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึท: 
ืื– ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ; 
ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื’ื•ืคืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืงืืงื˜ ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจ -- ืงื™ื ื–ืฉืืœืŸ, ืกื˜ื™ืœืขื˜ืŸ, ืคื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืกืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจืื ืื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข-ืœืขืžืคึผืœืขืš, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฐืขื‘ืœื–ื™ืขืจืก. 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกืึธื ื™ืข ืžืื“ืฒึทืกืงืขืจ -- 
ื ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ืžืœืขื’ืืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ (ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืืฃ 
ืคืืœืฉืข, ืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ) ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืข 
ืงืึธืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ. ืฐื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ? ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข! -- ืื™ื– 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ. 

-- ืืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ? 

-- ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, -- 
ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทืŸ: ืืœืฅ ืงืึทืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ -- ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, 


ืึธืคึผืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื’ืืกืŸ. ืฐื™ ืฐืขืกื˜ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข? ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืืฒื™ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’:ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืึท, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึท- 
ืœืึทื ืขืก, ื ืึทืจ ืืฒื™ื ืฆืœืฐืฒึทื–. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข 
ืื™ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืฒึทื ืข ืืžืึธ- 
ืœื™ืงืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ืื“ื™ืจ ืคึผืึธื“ื’ืฒึทืกืงื™ ื 
ืคึผืึทืœื™ืืง. ืื’ืขื•ื•ื“ืื•ืจื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึทื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืขืฒื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืก ื“ืขืคึผื•ื˜ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืื™ืกืึทืฐืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึทื ืคืืจื˜ืจืฑื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ... 

-- ืขืจ, ืคึผืึทื“ื’ืฒึทืกืงื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ? -- ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜? ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ืื™ื– ืจืขื›ื˜, 
ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืึธ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ, ืื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืืฉืขืก. 
ืื– ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึท- 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืืจืง 
ื”ืืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืงื–ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืืฃ ื ื“ืจืึทื–ืฉืงืข ื‘ื™ืงืกืŸ, ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืขืคึผืืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืืกื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืคืึธืจื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ื ื‘ืื ืขืจ (,ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืฒึทืขืจืœืข- 
ืฉืขืจ, ื›'ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™", -- ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ). ืขืจ, ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™" 
ืจื™ื -- ื•ื•ืื˜ืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืคื™ืœืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืœืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืœืื›ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืงืข) ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืจืขืฃ- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืฒื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืื™ 
ืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ:ืฆืฒื›ื ืก, ืžืื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื 
(ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืœืืคึผืขืจื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืคึผืึทื“ื’ืฒึทืกืงื™ืŸ). ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ืงืืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืข 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืงื•ื™ื ื–ืืœื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืง- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื‘ืืœืขื‘ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืืก, ืคืืจื‘ืฒึท ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืืžื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื™ืง- 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฒึทืก. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ื›ืข- 


ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ 


ืจืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. -- ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก-ืกื˜ืขืคื ื’ืืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื˜ืคื™ืกืข, ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืœื™ื•ืง ืฆื• 


ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฆืืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืืก, 
ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœ-ืฆืฒื›ื ืก (,ืจืขืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข"), ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื ื’-ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก (, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง!"), 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜, 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืคื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื›ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ืงืืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืคืŸ. ,ืจืขืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜" ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
;ืฆืฒึทื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 


ืฐืขืš; ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜, ื ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ืง. 
ื“ืืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฆื•" 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืฆืงืขืจ ื’ืืก ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธื“, ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื›ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืกื˜ืŸ, ืืจื•ืค 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื˜ืฉืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฐืขืง 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐื•ืขื’ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผ 
ืฉื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคึผืฑื–ืขืŸ. 

ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืึธืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจ' 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึทึผืข 
ืจืืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื›ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ื ืคืื›ืžืืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืึธื ืขื’ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึทื›ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืœืขืจ: 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืข 
ื ืขืจ ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืืœืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืืคื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืขืฒืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืข 
ืœื•ื›ืข ื ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืจืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง ืžืื–ืฉื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ืก ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœ 
ื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืจ: ,ืก'ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืข 
ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืœื™ื˜ืข, 
ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืขืจืคื•ืจื˜, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืึธืง; ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืข- 
ื›ืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืขืœืข ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืงืึทื ืกื•ืœื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ืื™ื.." 

ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืืฆื™ืึท- 
ื ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ? 

ื˜ืืงืข ื ืึธึทืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขืจืืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืกื˜ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ื“ื™ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•' 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืึธื›- 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึทืžืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœื , ืงืื ืืœ': ืฉืœืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืื ืืœืŸ, ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜, 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ.. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืœืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึท ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืงืึธืจืขื•ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืžืืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขึถืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ... 

ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืจื’ืคืขืœื™ืง 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜: ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜, ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืงืื ืืœืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ 
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืกื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข" 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขืจ 


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ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ืืฃ ืื™ื’ื ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจืึธื‘ื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืจืฒ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 3 -- 4 ืžืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขื ืžืืจืฉืจื•ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ. 

ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ , ืžืืœื™ื ืขืก", ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืกืขื ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 
ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ื™ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฆืืœืขืœ 
ืžืื ืงืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืจืึทื‘ืŸ ื ืžืืœื™ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™" 
ืกืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ, ื’ืขื”ืึทืœืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืคื™ืจ -- ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืื ืืœืŸ - ื ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืฑืขืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืจืžืืœ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ. ืœืื ื’ืข 
ืฉืึทืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืžื•ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืฆืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื›ืืœืขืฉื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ; ืขืžืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืืจืึทืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืžืื ื˜ืœ; ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืื ื˜ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื›ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืคืœื•ืก, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืฐืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข-ืคืœื™ืกื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ 
ื ื›ืฉืื“, ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืื ืืœ. ื“ืึทืš ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงืฐื•ื™ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ืขื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืืจืคืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ. 

ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ.. ืขืžืขืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜: 
ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื 
ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืง ืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืกืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜-ื’ืืก. ื ืึทืจ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš... ืžืข ืื™ื– ืืฃ ืืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜, ืžืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื”ืื“ืจืึธื’ืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข - 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืืžืคืก-ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ" 
ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ื›ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืึธืจืึธืฐืกืงืข... 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืกืŸ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืงืขืžืคืขืจ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืึธืกืŸ, ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœื™ื’ื˜ ื 
ืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืขืกื˜ืืคึผืึธืฐืฆืขืก.. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ (ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืข 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ-ื‘ืื–ืข). 


138 


ื“ืขื 23 ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1943 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงื•ืคึผืื ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืึธื ืืกื˜ื™ืจ ืืฃ ืกื•ื‘ืึธื˜ืฉ- 
ื’ืืก, 20, ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคืŸ 
ืคืคึผืึธ -- ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื™ืื ืงืœ ืงืืคึผืœืืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ื›ืฐืึธื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืงืข ืืกื™ืข ื‘ื™ืง. 

.ื“ื™ ืงืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ื•ืืกืขืจ. 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื™ื•ื•ืœ-ืืœื‘ืึธื, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืึทืจื’ืคืขืœื™ืง ื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืจืึทื ื™ืง. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ื ื™ืฆืงืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฉื˜ืฉืข, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ืœืึธื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืืœื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ- 
ื‘ืื–ืข; ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึตืœ ืคื™ืจ 
ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจ-ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ืŸ, ืืœืข ืืฒื ืฆืœื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึทื˜ืจื™ืื“ , ืคืืจืŸ ื ื™ืฆืึธื›ืŸ', ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืื ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื›ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืึทืจืึธื•ื•ืกืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ. 

.13 ื™ื•ืœ 1944. ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื– ืคืจืฒึท! ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืื ื“, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคืจืื™ื•ื“ื", ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื•ื™ื›ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ืฒืœืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื- 
ืคึผืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื•ื™ื ืข, -- ื–ื™ ืคืืจืงืืฉืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืคืกืึทืงืขืก 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื•ืคื˜-ืืœื™ืืจืžืขืŸ, ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜. ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืจื˜ ื ืžื™ื ืข... 

-- ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื”ื™ื™ื, -- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข, -- ืื™ื– ืžืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืœืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื ืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜, ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, 
ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืคื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ื ื™ืฆืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™- 
ื ื™ื ืงืข ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ืกืงื•ืœื™ืื ื™. 
ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜: ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื˜ ื 
ื‘ื™ืงืคืึธืจื“ื™ืฉื ื•ืจ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคืœื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ. ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ืขืŸ 
ื›'ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืžื™ื™, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืกืืคึผื™ืึทืจ:ืžื™ื ื™ืึธืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข... 

ืคื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ ืคืืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข, 
ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืึธืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ืค- 
ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืœื™ืง ืึทื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืจืขืžืึธืŸ- 


ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืœืขืฉืขืจ ื ื“ืืžืฃ. 
ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื• 
ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืขืœืขืงื˜ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืคืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืืžืฃ- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืขืœ-ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœื ืข, ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒึท, ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ืึธื‘ืืŸ... 

ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึทื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ 1944 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒ 
ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืึธืžืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื ืžืขืกืœืขืก. 

ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืขื.. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’-ืืจื‘ืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืึทื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ: 

-- ื’ืขื”ืึทืจืขืฐืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืœืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง. 
ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืคืœืขื’ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืžืึธื ื˜ื™ืจืŸ. 
, ื‘ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ, ื’ืฒืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื•ืขืง", -- ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. 

ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืืœื ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ. 

...ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ืฉืืœื ื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืคึผืจื™ืžื 
ืฉืœืึธืกืขืจ-ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืึทื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืžืคึผืขืก, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื ื“ืืžืขื ื˜. ื ืกืืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™" 
ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’". 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืื›ืœืฒึทื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื ืจืฒ ื ืฒึทืข ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฐืขืจื™ื ืขืฅ-ืจืื™ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื ื’ื™ืก, ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจ- ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืคึผืึทื ืืจ. ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืจืืึธืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืคึผืขืจืœ, 
ืคืœืขื’ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืึทื ืฉืœื™ืึทืคึผืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืืœื‘ืึทื: 

, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืคึผืึทื ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื ืขืŸ -- 
ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขื ืืจื˜ืขื–ื™ืื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื. ื•ื™ืืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ืงืึทื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจื›ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืงืื‘ืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืคืจื•ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืื‘ืขืœ 


ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ืกืคืึธืจืžืื˜ืึธืจ- 
ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื". 

...ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจื˜ืึธื’, 
ื‘ืื–ื™ืšืจ ืื™ืš ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืคึผืœืืฅ, 
ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื ืขื ืคืืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื™ืก (ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืจืึธืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืืกืขืจืœืฒื˜ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืจ 6) ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืข ืคื™ืŸ ืคืœื•ื™ืžืขืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœืืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ืคืึธื ื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ, ืืจื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ืง - ืืŸ ืืฒืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืžื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคืืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืŸ ืจื•. 

;ืืจื•ื ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืกืขื“ืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืšืš ื™ื•ืจื’ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ. -- ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื“ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ. ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธื“ ื™ืขื“ืข ืคึผืจืฒึทืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืฒืกืŸ. ื ืึธืž- 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืื’ืขื“ืขืก 
ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜. 
ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืขื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืœืื ืฆืŸ, ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืœื™ื‘- 
ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืš, ืื–ื ื”ืึทืจืขืคึผืืฉื ืข ื ืขืฉืึท- 


ืžืขืฉ." 
ืื™ืฆื˜, ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืคึผืœื‘ื•ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื™ืขื’ื• ื“ื™ 


ืกืขื“ืขืจ. 

-- ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคึผืึธืฉืขื˜, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, - ื”ืึทืกื˜ ื 
ื˜ืึธืขืก. ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืื ืฅ-ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜: ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื–ืึท ื ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ -- ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข. ,ืื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข, - 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื“ืขืจื˜, -- ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฆึดื™ 


ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืืฒื™ืŸ 
ืขึดืคึผืœ..." 

ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื“ืขืจ. ืงืขืžืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 


ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื: ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืก'ื‘ืื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืงื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืกืŸ. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฆื•ืืžืขืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ: ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ื ืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืคืืœืขื ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืจืฒึทืฃ, ืืจืึธืคึผ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืืจื‘ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืขืก 
ืคืืจ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš... ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฐืขืง ื ืกืขื“ืจืข. 

-- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ื’ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ, ืงืœืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืœึถืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืืœืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืื ื“, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทื“ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืึทื ืึทืžื™ืง, ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš: ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ 


139 


ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ , ื‘ื 
ืœืขื‘ืื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜". ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜! ืฐื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ... 

ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ืจื™ื“ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืคืืš. 

-- ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืืš, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืขื›ืขืจืขืฅ ืคืืจืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืš ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ. ื ืขื 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจืื ื–ืฉืข. ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื–ื ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืข, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืš, ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืืฑื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืึธืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื™, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืก'ื˜ืจืขืคื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืืฑื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืึธืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜;: ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืจื˜ืฉืขืŸ. 
ื“ืืŸ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ: ื ืขื ื ื‘ืœืฒึทืคืขื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก: ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกื˜ื• ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืื™ืŸ 


-- ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, -- ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ืขึถืจ, - 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืข, ืคืืจืฐืึธืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฑื™ื’ืงืขื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืืกืœืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื 
ืฆื™ืžืขืจืœ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ึผ ืึธื  
ืฆื•ืงืึธืจืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืืจื’, ืื•ื•ืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ. 

ื–ืึธืจื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ... 

ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืขืจืข ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืจื•ืง ื™ื•ื–ืขืฃ 
ืจืึทื’ืื˜ืฉ. ื”ืขื›ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืืคึผ- 
ืœื™ื ืกืงื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜: ,ืจืึทื’ืื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื 
ื“ื™ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื™ื ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ. 

,ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื ื• ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก? -- ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. -- 
ืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืš ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืขืฃ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™" 


ืฉ. ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ (ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜) ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืฒื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื–ืื ืขืจื™ืึทื ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื•ืคึผืืฆื™ืข (ืคืึธื˜ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1980) 


ืžืขืฉื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’? ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ, ื”ื? ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœ 
ื›ืึธืžืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ืืจื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืฒืฆืข. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืš.. 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขืฒื™ืึธืจืŸ. 


1410 


ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทืง. ื‘ื 
ืคืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื–ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜... 

-- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ ืฆึดื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืฆืข? -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜. 

-- ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ืฆืข, -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื˜ 
ืคืขืจื˜. 

-- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ.. 

ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธื’ืื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ืกื™ืข, ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืขืœ 


ื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืžืขืจ 1.. 

,ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื˜ืข- 
ื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธืœื˜. ืฉื˜ืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืง ืงื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ. ืฆื• ืื™ื 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื™ืœืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ", -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื  
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ื˜ืงืขื ืขืจ ืงืืคึผืœื™ืŸ- 
ืกืงื™ืก ื ืงืืžืคืก-ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืข, ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื ื“ืึทืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืจืึทื›ืœ ืžืืจื’ืึธืœื™ืก. ืื™ืš 
ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืืฒื ืžืึทืœ, 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผื˜ืฒืง, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ื 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: , ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืจืขืคื•ืข ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืง. ืžืข ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืจืขืคื•ืข". 

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื˜ื”ืืจืฆื™ 
ืงืฒึทื˜. ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฐื™ื ืก 
ืคืืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข. 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœืก ืคืจื•ื™, ื›ื™ืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ืข ืืึธืจืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืจืื ืง, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘- 
ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืขืš, ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข 
ืงืึธื›ื˜, ืžืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ืึทืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื”ืื ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื, ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืคืฆื ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืื™ื ื™ืงืœ, 
ื›ื™ืขื ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืขืกืขืจ, -- ืื•ื™ืš. 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ -- ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. ืงืจื™ื’ืŸ, ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืงืึทื›ืŸ, ืงืึทื ืกืขืจืฐื™ืจืŸ -- ืืœืฅ ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืขืก ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. 

ื’ืฒืกื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืคื™ืœืกื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ ื ืฉืึทืœืขื' 
ื‘ืื™ึดื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื ืงืข ืžืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื™ 
ืกืข ื“ื™ื™ืข... ืื™ื– ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ื ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืึธืคืขื ืข 
ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื›ืื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ 
ื›ื™ืขื ืข ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืจืฒึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื‘ื“ืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ืžืื›ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœ-ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’. ืฉืžื•ืขืœืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ื™ืกื˜ืื ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ื ืึทืš 
ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื“ืึธืจ 
ื ื”ื•ื™ื”ื: , ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™! ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืงืืคึผืœื™ืŸ- 
ืกืงื™ืŸ? ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืœืขืคืึธืŸ, ืžืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืืฒึทืš 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืœ!" 

ื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืฒึทื‘ืœ, ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื - 
ืฆื™ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ-ื‘ืื–ืึทืจื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทื ืข ืืฃ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึธ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขืงืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข. 

-- ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ?! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 


ื”ืื ื“ืœ? -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜. -- ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก 
ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืก? ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืš? ื“ืึธืก ื•ื" 
ืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืืฃ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜! 

ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ -- ื™ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. 

-- ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข? -- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข. -- ืื›ื˜ื ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื ื˜ืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜. 

-- ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ ื ื”ืืœื‘ 
ืžืึธืœ ืงืœืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ืื™ื– ืงื™ืžืื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืš. 

-- ื™ืึธ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก. ืฉืคึผืึทืจื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜! ื ืงื•ื‘ืึทืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื’ืข 
ืงืึธืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ื ืงื™ืœื ืกืืœืข. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ 
ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื ื‘ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทืœืฒื‘ื•ืก, ืคื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืงืขืก. 
ืคืœืขื’ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื–ื‘ืื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื 
ืฆื™ื™ืœ:ืืคึผืืจืื˜ ืืฃ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜? ืฐื™ ื•ื•ืืฉืกื˜ื• 
ื ืคืœืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš? -- ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืš. ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืขืง ื ืคืœืืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืจืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, 

ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืืงืข ืงืืคึผืœื™ื™ึทืกืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืŸ 
ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื‘ืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฐืืœ- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข. ืงืขืžืคื˜ 
ืคืืจืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ, ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืก'ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืืจืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืึทืจื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผืคืœื•ืก. ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืžืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืื›ื˜. ืžืข ื‘ื- 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘- 
ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืžื–ืืฅ-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ -- ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึทืจื“ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืกื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฅ-:ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืจื•ื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงื™ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึทืžื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืงื˜ืจืข, ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื ืขื ื•ืืกืขืจ, -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืจ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ, 

-- ืฐื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผ ืืฃ ืืฒึทืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืฒึทืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืื ื“? -- ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš. 

-- ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืก'ื‘ืื“ืื“ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงืŸ, 
ื–ืข ืื™ืš. ื“ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืจื– ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืฒึทื™ืืฒึทื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฐืœ 
ื˜ืื˜: ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืœื˜ืข, ืงืึธืŸ 


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ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืงื•ื•ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ,ื’ืึธืก 
ืคึผืจื™ึทืึธืžืงืข" ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜. ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜.. ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™! ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธืคืŸ. 
ืก'ื“ืืจืฃ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜... 

..ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืึทืฐื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ืขื ืฆื™ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ืคืื‘- 
ืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒื›ื ื˜, ืฐื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืืคืŸ 
ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืจื™ื ืง-ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืึทืœืึธืกืืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ. 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื 
ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื ืฒึทืข ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• 
ืจืฒื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื ืืœื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื–ืขืœ- 
ื›ืข ืžืื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขืกื˜. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ืืฒึทื - 
ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ ืก'ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ืฑื’ืŸ, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜. 


ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืขื’ 


ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืกืขื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ึทืขืฐืฐืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข , ืžืื–ืœื˜ืึธืฐื•", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื™ืงืก ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ , ืกืึธื™ื•ื–ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ", ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืข- 
ืœื•ื ื’ , ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื™ื™ึดื“", ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืึธืœืขืื™ืืœื™ื™ื›ืขืžืก 
;ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืืก". 

ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœ ื‘ืื˜ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื ื™ืจ 
ื‘ืืงืจื™ (ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ) --ืืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ื ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขื–ืฉื™- 
ืกืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ืื ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืืฃ ืงืืจืคึผืขื ืงืึธื™ืงืืจื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืืงืœ ื‘ื- 
ืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•, (ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ -- ื’ืขืึธืจื’ื™ ืžืขืœืกืงื™) ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื™ 
ื˜ืืงืœ ืœืฑื™ื˜ ืฉื ื™ืขืจื™ืึธืงื•ื ืก ืคึผื™ืขืกืข โ€ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืก". 


112 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ื ื ื’ืœืึธื– ื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื ื‘ืœื™ืง ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ: ืขืจ ืืฒึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื›ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฒึท- 
ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™. 

-- ื“ื• ืงืขื ืกื˜ ืขืก? -- ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ืžืืŸ. 

-- ืฆื™ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ.. ืื– ืžืข ืžื•ื–, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก. ื‘ืืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืื™ืœื™ื•ืฉืงืข, 
ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•, ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก ืคึผืขืจืคืขืงื˜. 

ืฉืžื•ืœืงืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืง, ืึทื ืฉื˜ืขืงื ื“ื™ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื›ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืึทื›ืŸ. 

ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืžืข ื’ืฒื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืืจื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืคึผ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืšื”ืื ืข- 
ืคืขืฉ: ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื– ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜? 

ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืงืืคึผืœื™ื ืกืงื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ืข ืœืขื‘ื ืก, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื™ืขืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืขื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, 


ืื•ื ื“ื– 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืฒึทืก 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึทื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ 


ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ ,ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข? ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•- 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืืจื™ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืข ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ 
ืงืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคื™ืฆึทื™ึดืขืœ 
ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงื• ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจืขื ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ ืกืึธืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืกืขืจื’ื™ื™ 
ืงืจืืกื™ื ืกืงื™, ืื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืžืฒึทืข ื˜ืืฉืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขืœืก - ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืขืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืจืื“ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืื•ื–ืขืก ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื’ืขืœืื›ื˜ (ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืœืขืฅ ื”ืขืจ- 
ืฉืขืœืข ืึธืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜ 
ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืงืฉื™ื ืึธืฐื•ืœืึธื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื. ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกื™ื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืื - 
ืกืืžื‘ืœ , ื˜ืฒึทื›ืขืœืข? 


ื’; ืจืฒื™ื›ืžืืŸ 


*0ื˜ 


ื“ ืึธ ืฐื•ื™ื“ ืค ืจืฒึทืฉื˜ืื˜ 


ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 


! ืงื™ื ืžื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ . 
: ื‘ืฒึทืœืื’ืข . 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธืจืข 


ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื’ืึทื“ืข (,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—') ื ื’ืึธืจ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ โ€ ื”ื’ื“ื”' (ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’), ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืกื™ 
ื ืึธื ื™ื ,ืื’ืึธื“ืข" (,ืื’ื“ื”") ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš 
ืื•ื™ืก, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐื™ืœ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืึธืคึผืฆืฒื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืจ- 
ื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื•ื“ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื. 

ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืจ 
ื“ืข , ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ" (,ืกื“ืจ') ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืฒืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื- 
ื‘ืึธืŸ ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœืŸ 1{ (ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ), ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืจืขืŸ (1 ื™ื”. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ 
ืขืจืข), ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜, ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜, ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ืžืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข, ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืขืก 
ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืื ืึทืŸ ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœ ืืœืก ื ืกื™ื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืคืืจ 
ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก, 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒ 
ื ืขืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืฉืขืœ 
ืคื™ื™ืกืขืš", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก. ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ ,ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืœืš ื•ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื”' ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื•, โ€ ืื– ืืœืข ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืœื˜ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•- 


ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื’ืึทื“ืข ืื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขื›ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข: ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’, ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืื ืืš 
,ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจืึทืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆ- 
ืจืื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืืึธืœืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื”. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื“ืข. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™' 
ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืฐื™ื ืขืจ (1860 -- 1929) ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1902 ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืื ื˜ื‘ื•ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฒ 
ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืขืก, ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ืคืืจ 400 ื™ืึธืจ -- 
ืคื•ื ืขื 1500 ื ื™ื–ืŸ 11900. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆืฒืœื˜ 
5 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืคืœืื’ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื ื’ืืจื™ืฉ, 
ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ, ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. 
ืœืื“ื™ื ืึธ, ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ, ืคึผืฑืœื™ืฉ, ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ, ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ, ืคืจืื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ 1526. ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื”ืื ื˜. 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข 


.1122826028 -- 0506 46 2810102122816 1 
.26461500128-.54 6ืž1ืฉื‚ืœ .5 ืžืกืฉืฆ 1900--1500 
-1902 


149 


ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื -- /ื•ืŸื ื™ื”. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ืฐืึธ, ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ื”. 

ื“ื™ ืกืืจืื™ืขืฐื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืœืึทื ื™ืข, ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืืฑืกืขืœืึทื ืข. ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืจืื™ืขืฐืึธ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึธื ืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื– ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ืฆื ื™ื”. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ื‘ืจืึทืฐื ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืคืืจ. 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1510 ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืืจื ืึธื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจื•ื™ื™ 
ืžื™ืฉื• ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื•" 
ื ืขื 1609 ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืš ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืขืคึผืขืก-:ืฐืึธืก ืื•ืžืฐื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืงืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข. 

ืื™ืŸ 1894 ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืคืืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื ืข ืงืึทื”ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืš. ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืจืื™ืขืฐืึธ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ืื™ืŸ 1898, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึธื ืึทื’ืจืืคื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื“. ื’. ืžื™ื•ืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•. ืคืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธืกืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ืžื“ื™ืง ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ื•. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืข 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื™ 
ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืฒึทื–ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื- 
ืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึทื“ืข -- ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ืื™" 
ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ื•ืš. ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื" 
ืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืื™ื– ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืœืก ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื 
ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืคึผืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1941 ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืขืจ ื 
ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืฆืขืจ, ืฐื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜, ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ืขืจื™ืขืฉืืคื˜, ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, 


ืžืกืฉ 112982420./ ,.{ 508105966 , 11 .ื ืช;ืกื•ื˜}ื * 


-4ืช2:646:02 3401026(-50201500 ืกืชื•ืช .0ืฉืก(5414 
1898 ,1716 ,2414461214619 465 5000111 


44 


ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืจื’ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคืœ ืœืขื ื›ืืจืื™ืขื•ืึธ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื• ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืื ืฐื•ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1555 ื“ืขื ืžื- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข? ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 42 ืคึผืืจ: 
ืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืก 22,8 6( 16,5 ืกืž. ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก, ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ื™ืœืŸ: ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฐืฒื™ ืื ื˜ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ื’ื•ืคืข, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ - ื‘ื™ 
ืœืื’ืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืŸ 34 ืคึผืืจืžืขื™ 
ื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ 69 ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• 4 ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืจืฒึท 
ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก -- ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 29 -- ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ. 
ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืฑื™ื˜ืข ื‘ืืจืขืž' 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืึทืจื ืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืื’ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ื‘ืืจืขื ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ื’ืข 
ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื’ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืžืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ืข- 
ื ืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืจืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜- 
ืœืขืš, ื“ื”. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืขืคื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš; 
ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 50 ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, 
ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื• 
ื ืขื ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขื›ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืกืคืืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื™ึดืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืฐื. 
ื“ืจืื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข 100 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 67 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš 
ืงืึธืœื™ืจื˜ืข ืื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืืœืŸ, ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš, ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•- 
ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืœ --ื ื”ืืœื‘ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฆื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื ืืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืื™ื•ืกืงื•ืœื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 22 ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ: ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ- 
ืืจืื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื -- ื•ื•ื ื™ื”., ืฐื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื' 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 52 ื‘ื•ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขืฐืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึทื“ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื–ืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผืงืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื™ 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื ืฑื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื 
ืคืืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืงืืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ. 

ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข-ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 1955 ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืข ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื ืื™ืŸ 1983. ืื™ืŸ 


9--181 


ื 
ืžื’ 
ื 

ืžืžืžื” 


ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึฐื“ื™ืฉ 
:ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ 
1 : 71 0 2 
ื“ืขืงืึธืจืื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 0 .. ..  .โ€ - - - / 
ื“ ืขืขืข }1 
ืฉืฉ 


: 
ืจ 0 

7 
8 


0 ืœื‘ 
ื˜ืข 
2 4 0 

ืฅืง 4 


ืงึฐ 1 
0 : 
5951 : 


1 
ื˜ื˜ืงืงืง, 
ื–ื˜ 
8 


ื™ื™ = 
ื‘ืข ื™ื˜ 


0024 : : 0 


(ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืฐืึธืฐืขืจ ืžื•ื–" ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืจื‘) 


ื™ืข 
ื™ื• 6 ื”ื ื’ืขื˜ ืœื™ื” 
4525 0 ื˜ืœ : 1 ื˜ืข / 
); : 0 ืงื” 
ื 0 ืฉืฉ 
ื ื 00 2 0 0 
ืฉื™ ื˜ึถ 
0 ืฐ 


ืื˜ 


: 
0 


ื ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืšื™ืงืึธืก. ื’ืœืึทื–, ืื•ื ื™ื”. 


4 ืขื™ ,ืืขื˜ ื˜ืขื‘ 1 1:455465054; 


ื ื›ืื ืขืงืข-ืœืึธืžืคึผ. ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, 
ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ ื!ื ื™ื”. 


ื ืคึผื™ื™ืกืขืšื™ืงืืจืข. ืคืื™ืื ืก. 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ึนื ื™ื” 


ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื”. 


ื ืฉืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ืฉืขืง ืคืืจ ื ืฐืฑื™ืžืคึผืœ. 


ืฐ 
5 
: 
3 
: 
3 
4 


ื“ื™ 


ืž 


. 


ื˜ ืื•ื 


ื‘ื™ืงืกืœ 
ื™ื” 


ื ื‘ืกืึธ 


ืžื™ื- 


* 


ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, 


ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึท 


1 


ื“ืขืจ ืกืื“ื™ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ 


ืจ 


ืฅ 


, 


ื˜ืฉืขืจื ืึท 


ื•ืฐื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 


ืืคืŸ ื‘ืขืกืืœืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื‘ืื ื™ืœืึธื•, 


ื–ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ื•ืืฆื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืก 


ื“ื™ ืกืื“ืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื’ื 


ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจ-ื™ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื’ืึธื“ืข 


ืืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื’ืึธื“ืข 


:ื™ื˜ :ื™ื˜ ืœื˜ 


ื™ื™ ื™ื™ 
6 


3 


ื˜ื™ื˜ ืื˜ ื•ื˜ ื˜6ื™:; 


2 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื’ืจืื“ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข-ืจืขืคึผืจืึธ 
ื“ื•ืงืฆื™"ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืกืขืกื™ืœ 
ืจืึธื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1966 ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸื–. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืก. ืจืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื™ืขื ืื ืืœื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ'ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžึนึผ 
ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜, ืื– ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ (ืคึผืจืึธื•ืื ืก) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืงืกืืฐื•" 
ื™ืื“ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืกืžืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ื“ืขื˜ืืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืื– ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข -- ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ 
ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืึธืจ, ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืกืึธืคืขืง ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ" 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืขืฅ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื1ื ื™ื”. ื“ื™ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ื™ 
ื ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืขืจื•ื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜, 
ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงืขืคึผืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืœืขื›ืื™ื- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจืฒึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืคืืงืกื™ืžื™" 
ืœืข, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ- 
ืœืื’ -- 016 64 ืžื˜ืก/ื ื“' ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืคืกื ืฒึท. 

ื ื ืฒึทืข ืคืืงืกื™ืžื™ืœืข-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1983 ื“ื™ ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ 
2 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื’ืจืื“ ืื•ืŸ 002 4)2867 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืืจืื™ืขืฐืึธื’. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ' 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืืง" 
ืกื™ืžื™ืœืข ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ื•ืงืœืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขืจื‘ืึธ- 
ื›ืึธืจื•ื•ืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืข. ื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืจ. 

ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ 


5 220 1129882028 0ื˜ืก52:21 1026  5661/โ€ ืžื•ืกืืŸ * 
6 ืžื’ 5?147 ,214 01 /ื–215/0 186 ืช1 518011102006 
:1966 ,8608:244 .ืž661110 0116ื–42051 

5647 ืช112282024 5212(60942 .ืžืกืคื˜ืช ,ื ืกื˜ื–ืกืขืฅ * 
{0ื˜52:2(6 ,26091240 .ืž6601110 1205101116 146 168ื˜ืฉ 
1983 


ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื ื’ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืกื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืฉืข ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืœื™ืŸ- 
ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื ืื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ืขืจื˜. 

ืžืข ืงืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™-ืกืึธืคืขืง ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื ืื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ โ€ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ืึธ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ืึธืกืœืืฐื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื•ื›ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธืคื™ืœ, ืคืึธืจื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืš:ื”ืื ื“ืœืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืขืก ืžืืจื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฉื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืข- 
ื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจืŸ- 
ื‘ื•ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ืึทืกืœืืฐื™ืข ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก' 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื- 
ืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข1. 

ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข ืืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืžืื˜ -- 50 ื 36 ืžืž. 
ืืคืŸ ืคืึทื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืฐืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ื ืขื ืื™ึทืŸ- 
ื‘ื•ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืึทืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธืœืœ -- 0ืฆ52:2(6 ืกืžื–ื“ื™ื™ 
"/11288262ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ , ื”ื’ื“ื”". ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืœืข 
ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 50 ื ื™ื˜-ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 15 ื›ื- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš: 9 -- ืคื•ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ 6 -- ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข. ืื™ื ืขื ืืจืฒึทื ืคื™ืจ:ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืืฃ 10 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ืž. ื–ืฉื ื™ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืขืกื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืฐืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืืงืึธื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื•ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืฒึทืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืจืื™ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึทื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื’ ืืœืก ื 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉ ืฆืขื˜ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื- 
ืจืืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข. 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืกืืจืื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื”ืื’ืึธื“ืข" ืื™ื– ื ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืื˜ืึธื ืข ืคืืจ ืืœืข 
ืœื™ื‘ื”ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื™ื•ืจ-ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. 


.ืช661110 241012106 4 .112992602/0 0ื˜ืก(52:2 ืกื'ื“' * 
201461316 ืชื•6ื–212 !164 }0 2310 2086 2010 
1988 ,228160 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื ืฅ ืœื 


ื‘ืืฆืงืœ ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ 


)1937 -- 1896( 


ืืฆืงืœ ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉ- 

ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื 

ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸ-ืงื•ืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 

ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืกืจื•ืกืœืื ื“. ืืŸ ืืง" 

ื˜ื™ืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื 

ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™' 

ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงืขืจ 

ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ 

ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 

ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ 

ืืคื™ืœืข ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 

ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืจืึธื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ื ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ. 

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš-ืคืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 

ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ: ,ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


116 


ื“ืึธืก = ืื•ื• ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ 
ื• 

"ื‘ืึธื’ 

ืกืžืฆืœื™ ื˜ืขืจื" 


ื˜ื™ืฉืฆืข ืฉืจื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ- 
ืฆืก ืคื•ื ืœื 


ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืกืกืจ" (1930), ,ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœ-ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื“" (1932), ,ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ 
ืืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืŸ" (1932), ,ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’- 
ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›' ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ืืงืึธื•ื•" (1931), , ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ" 
(1931), ,ืคืืจ ืžืื’ื ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ" 
(1932), ,ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง" (1933), , ืืฃ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก" (1934). ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒ- 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ,ืฉื˜ืขืจ" 


(ืžื™ื ืกืง), , ืคึผืจืึธืœื™ื˜", , ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜' (ื›ืืจืงืึธื•ื•), 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืืœืžืื ืื›ืŸ. 

ื›ื•ืฅ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ 
ื ืขืฆื˜ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ,ืคื™ืŸ ืžืฒึทื ืข 
ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ", ืž. ืืœื‘ืขืจื˜ืึทื ืก , ื‘ื™ืจืึทื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ", ื”. ืึทืจื™ 
ืœืื ื“ืก , ื”ืจืขื‘ืœื™ืขืก', ืค. ืžืืจืงื™ืฉืขืก ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื. ืื‘ื˜ืฉื•ืงืก , ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืฉืืžืฒ', ืื™. ืคืขืคืขืจืก ,ื’ืข 
ืคื™ื ืขื ืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ', ืฉ. ื‘ืจืขื’ืžืื ืก ,ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข" ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“. 

ื“ื•ื ืขืฆืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ:ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคืืจืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™' 
ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืืจืืœืขืœืŸ. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืคืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืฒื“ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืื–ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืฆืฒึทื˜. 

ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื›. ื“ืจ 
ื ืขืฆืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ {ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
6'"ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจ" (ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ" ื ื•ืž. 10 -- 11 ืคืืจืŸ 1932), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืŸ ืื ืืœื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืžืื›ื˜. 

ื›. ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืฅ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ื ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืจืข 
ื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ื’ 
,ืึทืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ", ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ื ืœ" 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืงืึทืœืขื’ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉ- 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ โ€ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ", ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืกื•ื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืŸ- 
ืฉืืคื˜-ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืืจื˜ื•ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืจ 
ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืงืึธืžื™ืกืืจ ืคืืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒึทืก 
ืจื™ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข , ื‘ืขืœืืคึผืคึผ'. ื“ืขื 3 ืคืขื•ื•ืจืืœ 
5 ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธึท ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜- 
ืงืึธื ืงืคึผ(ื‘)ื•ื• ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ืข ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’: 

,ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืžืื˜ืขื•ื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื 
ืฉืœื•ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืจื˜ืงืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืงืึธืžื‘ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื›' ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื”ืืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืงืึธื ืงืคึผ(ื‘ื•ื• ืคืืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื›' ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืฒ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœืฒืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืจืึธืฆืงื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื–ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ืขืฐื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืื‘ืื ื“ืข ืืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ..." 

ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ,ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ-ืจืขืฐืึทืœื™ืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจืข ืงืึธื - 
ื˜ืจืื‘ืื ื“ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ื›. ื“ื•ื ืขืฅ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ? ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื– 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1933 ืืจื•ื™ืžื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื. ื™ื•ื“ืœืกืึธื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื‘ื•ืš , ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ", 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ,ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจ- 
ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข โ€ ื˜ืจืึทืฆืงื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ื–ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ืขืฐื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœืื˜ืคืึทืจืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืœืฒื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ึทืืœื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืœืขื˜ืืจื™ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืืฆื™ึทืึธื ืืœืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืงืฒึทื˜..." 

ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ,ื–ื™ื ื“", ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ -- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ,ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืฆืงื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื–ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ- 
ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื. ืื‘ 
ื˜ืฉื•ืงืก ืจืึธืžืืŸ , ื”ืขืจืฉืœ ืฉืืžืฒื™ึท', ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ? 

ื“ื•ื ืขืฆืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™, 
ืžืข ื‘ืืคืจืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ โ€ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืจืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜... 


ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืžืึท- 
ืจื™ืืœื™ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ - ืงืึทืจ- 
ื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกื˜ืืœื™ืŸื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ. 

ื“ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจืข ืคืœืื˜ื ืขืจ (ืžื™ื ืกืง) 
ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคืขืœืŸ ื›ืฒึทืงืข ื•ืื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืกืงืื™ื) 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ืข ื•ื•ืื˜ืขื ื‘ืขืจื’, ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืขืกื™ 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1949 (ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื™ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืื’ืขืจืŸ). ื“. ืคึผืœืื˜ื ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืคืืจืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื˜ืขืก, 


ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืื– ืื™ืŸ 


ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื‘ืืง. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1940, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•' ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ 
ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 27 ื™ืื ื•ื•ืืจ 1927, 

ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื›ืืจืงืึธึทื•ื•ืขืจ (ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•) ื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฅ ืจื™ื•ืงื™ืŸ 
(ื”ืฒึทืกื™ื ืขืจ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1908 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1961. 


1417 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžืข 
ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืึธื•ื• (ืกืขืฐืขืจืึธื“ืึธื ืขืฆืง, ืฐืึธืจืึธืฉื™ืœืึธื•ื•ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข). ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ืœ 


ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืจืฉืŸ ื’ืึทืจืึธื›ืึธื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ 30-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืžืืฅ (ืœืฑื™ื˜ ืฉ. ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจืึธื•ื•ืก 
ื™ืขื“ื™ึทืขืก,. ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ื™ืจืข, ืงื™ึทืขืฐื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 40-ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 50-ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ). ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืื– ืžืข 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจ- 


ื‘ืึธื ืขืก ื™ืขื›ื™ืขืœ ืจืื‘ื™ื ืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืื™ 
ื’ืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 


ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื™. ื•ื™ื™ืฆื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืขืš ื”ื•ื‘ืขืจืžืืŸ. 

ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื•ืž. 4 ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“", ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืข- 
ื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ืก ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื ืขืœ (ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืฐืข) ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜: ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1937, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื 
9 ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ืก ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืื™?ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืก- 
ืงื•ื•ืข. ื‘ื ืื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ื™ 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ 
ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข. ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืขืจื•- 
ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืžืึทืจื“ื›ืข . ืืœื˜ืฉื•ืœืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜: 

,ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ 1974 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจ- 
ื ืืœ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ ืฆื• ืฉืื›ื ืข ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ืก ื–ื•ืŸ 
(ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™) ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
(ื™ื•ืŸ 1975) ืืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึทื˜ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉ. ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ืก 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ืขื 
ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืข: ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 1927 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐื•ืข. ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจื˜ 
8 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ 1939 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืฉืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ,ื“ืจืฒึทืœื™ื ื’?" ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืฐืœืึธื“ืืจ (ืงืื–ืื›ืกื˜ืืŸ). ืื™ืŸ 1940 ืื™ื– ืฆื• 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืึธื ืคืืœ 
ืืคืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืฐืœืึทื“ืืจ 
ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 1946 ื”ืึธื˜ ืื’ื•ืจืกืงื™ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืฉืื›ื ืข ืขืคึผืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ (ืกืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฆื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ). ืื™ืŸ ืืคึผืจืขืœ 1947 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืœืข- 
ื’ืืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื- 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธื ืขืŸ, ืงื•ืฉื ื™ืจืึธื•ื•ืŸ โ€ ืกื˜ืจืึทื ื’ื™ื™ 


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ื ืขืŸ, ืงืื ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ. ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“- 
ืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื 
ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธึทื ื˜ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืื•ืฐื•ืœืึธื“ืืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 19 
ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947 ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜-ืื•ื™ืกื’ื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืืจืš'. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืง ืืงืกืขืœืจืึทื“ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืฐืจืึธืืก ืฐืึทืœืคื™ืŸ (ื‘ืึธื‘ืจื•ื™ืกืง), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 20-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ื–. ืืงืกืขืœืจืึธื“ ื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืืœืก 
ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’. 


,ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ, 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžืคึผืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, - ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืขืจ. -- ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ืคึผื™ืึทื ืขืจ- 
ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข? ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืคื™- 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ืื™ืš ืฉืฑืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1924 -- 1925. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืง ืืงืกืขืœืจืึธื“ืก ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื™ืงื•ื ื’ืกื™ืœืื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทื–ืงื™ืŸ (ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืืจื•ื 10 ื™ืึธืจ). ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืกืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืคื™ืกืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืงืกืขืœืจืึธื“ืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืกืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืคื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื‘ืขืฉืืก ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืึธื ืข ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืข- 
ืœืขืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืงื™ื ืขืŸ: ,ืžืข ื•ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืžื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืขืจื™ืึธื–ืงื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืขืœืขื ืฆื• ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึทื ืข. 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ;:. ืืœืข 
ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื“ืขืจืฉืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืœื™ืง ืืงืกืขืœืจืึธื“". 

ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคื ื˜ื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื–ื™ ื›ืืจื™ืงืŸ. ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜, ืื– ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืŸ ื™ืึทืจ, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ื–ื™ 
ื›ืืจื™ืงืก ื . ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื˜ืขื‘ืกืงืขืจ 
ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ 
ืค. ืžื•ืกืงืื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืกื˜, ืื–ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ืืจื™ืงืŸ ืจืขืคึผืจืขืกื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื 
ื˜ืึธืขืก: ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ื–ื™ 
ื›ืืจื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1925, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ 1927 (ื‘ื™ื– ื™ื•ืŸ 1937 ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืกื™ืžืข ืืœืก 
ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ"ืฉ. 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื’ืึธื‘ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก. 


ื“ืึธืฐื•ื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ 


)1952 -- 1889( 


ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1919 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ' 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ , ื‘ืฒึท ืฐืขื’ืŸ", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ , ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก", ,ืื•ืคื’ืื ื’" ืื•ืŸ 
,ืฉื˜ืจืึธื". ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ" 
ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ,,ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจ, ืืฃ ืฐืึธื’ืœ', ืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืšืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก, ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ,ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ", ืฐืขืœ 
ื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื™ื•ืฆื™ืข, ื’ืข" 
ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ,ืขืœื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื™ 
ื˜ืขืจ", ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึทืจ ืฐืึธื’" 
ืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 1926 ืื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงืจืืคื˜ ื‘ืœื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก 
ืžื•ื–ืข. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื ืฒึทืฅ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ,ืืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืŸ", , ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ืžืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ", , ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื–ืฒึทืŸ", โ€ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜- 
ืจื", , ืงื™ืขื•ื•", ,,ืžืฒึทืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืœืื ื“", , ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“" 
ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’", ,ืื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘" ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื•ื™ 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืข" 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืึทื“ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืืฒื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ืฉืืคื˜ ืขืจ ื 
ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื™ื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจืฉืืคื˜. ืฆืืจื˜ืข ืœื™ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืคืืจืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœื™ืืจื™ื–ืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜- 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื™ืฉ 
ื˜ืืจืืก ืฉืขืฐื˜ืฉืขื ืงืึธืก , ืงืึธื‘ื–ืืจ", ืขืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ ืกื™ืขืง- 
ืœืขืจืก , ืกืืžื•ืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกื–ื•ื›ืขืจ", ืื ืจื™ ื‘ืืจื‘ื™ื•ืก' 
{ืขืžืขืกืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก", ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ืขื•ื•ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™" 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืœืขืจืก 
, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœ*ื™ื‘ืข', ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ื ืก 
ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ,ื‘ืขืœืงื™ื ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ", 
ื“ื•ื‘ืจืึธืฐื•ืกืงื™" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืœืขืกื™ื ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืงืืก 
,ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง". ื”ืึทืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›- 


ืฉื™ืœืŸ. ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจืข" 
ืกื˜ืึธืžืื˜ื™ืขืก. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง, ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืกืฆืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ 1939, ื•ืฐืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืข-" 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก 0ืค-ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกื˜ืึธื’, 
ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขืŸ 
,ืขืจืŸ-ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืงื™ืจื™ืข ืื•ืคื, ื‘ื- 
ืคืจืฒึทื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ ื”ืึทืคืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง. 

ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•'" 
ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืงืึธืจืึธืกื˜ื™ 
ืฉืขื•ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ื' 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืžืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ 1948. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข 
ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื“ , ืื™ืŸ ืคืืœืŸ", 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืกืืš ืึธืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง: 


ื ื•ื•ืืœื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸืŸ, 
ืคืืจืคืืœืŸ ืื”ื™ื ืฆื•, ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทื“ืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒึทื ืข... 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืขืคืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ื™ืขืŸ 

ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจื™ืขืŸ... 


ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืœื™ืš. 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืกืขื ืข ื“ืขื 12 ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜ 1952 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ืกื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐืขืŸ ื”ืึธืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื... 


149 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ืฑืกืึธืคืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืื˜ืืงืขืก 
ืืฃ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 


ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืืŸ (ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึดื) 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืื ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืจื™ืื˜:ื™ืื (ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ. ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก: ;ืื™ืš 
ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื“ืึท ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ,ืžืึทืจื’ื“ืคืจืฒึทื™ื”ืฒึทื˜" ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึทืจืข ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืŸ ืืœื™ืœืืก:ื“ืื.. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืš ื“ืขืก ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื ืขื ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง!' ืก'ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืื– ,ืกืึทืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“' ื–ืึทืœ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืขืฉืŸ ืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืขืœื™ 
ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืื ืก ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืึทืคื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš 
ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ. 


ืžื•ื™ื ื™" ืฉื•ื ?ืžืืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืœ-ืื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ , ืคืึธืœืงืกื‘ืœืื˜" ื ื•ืž. 3 ืคืืจืŸ 1986, ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 12'ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื’ื•ืกื˜, ืงื™ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืฒื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื ืื™ื 
,ืžื™ื˜ (ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ -- ืงืขื’ืŸ!) ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื›ืื–ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืจืืœ-ื’ืขืคืืœื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™- 
ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืŸ-ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“... ืึทื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ, ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ, ืืคื™ืœืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืžืึธืœ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžืขืก.. ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืฉืข ืื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืžื™ื“ืืก ืฉื˜ืืจืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืคืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก. 

ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึทืฐื• 
ื˜ืฉืขืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข: -- ื”ืฉื ื—ืฆื™ืœื ื• ืžืขื–ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ื™ืžืคื’ืข ืจืข.. -- 
ืงืึทืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึธืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื 
ืœืžืงื•ื˜, ื ืึทืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•... ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื™ื ื”ืืงื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ืขืฉืขืœื•ื™ืœืขืก ืžืฑื™ื›ืœ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืกื ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืืจ ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึทืจืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืกืœื™ื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื–. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ;: ืœื ืชืœืš ืจื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืžื™ืš! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ืื– ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึทืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืจืข... 

-- ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžืขืงื•ื™ืขื ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืืœืฒื“ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜ืŸ 

-- ื•ืœืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืชืงื•ื”! 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึธื“ื•. ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืืœื›ืขื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืœื™ื›ืข ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืคื™ื›ืื› ื“ืึธืžื™ื, ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื™ืจื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื ืคืืจืฉืืคื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ,ืื–ืขื›ืคึผืึทื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืขื’ื ืจืึธืข" ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื”ื™ืŸ. ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
2"ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜"... ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ,ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึทื’ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืจื“ ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืšืจื•ืกืœืื ื“', ืฐืึธืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคืืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืขืกื“ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืืœืฅ ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ืฒื™, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืจืคื˜ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ื”ืืง.. -- ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืœื“ 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืึทืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืืึทื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื• 
ืคืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืขืก ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ... ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืืจื˜! 
ืขึถืจ, ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืก... ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืก ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืืคืŸ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ,ื ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืืŸ , ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1905" 
ืžื™ื˜ ืืงืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™..." ืขืžืขืก, ืขืจ ืืœื™ืŸ, ืืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืขื ืคึผืจืฒึทื ื˜ (ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืขืจ!) ื“ื™'ืจ ืขืœื™ึทืึธื”ื• ืฉื•ืœืžืืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืืŸ ื™ืึท ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜.. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 


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ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืงื ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ,ื‘ื•ื ื“", 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื”ืื›ื ืึทืข ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจ" 
ืฉืขืจ"... ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜: 

-- ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜? 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’: ื ื™ื™ืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒื™ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš... ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืึธื ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื , ื‘ื•ื ื“", ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธืœืขืก-ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ื–ื, ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืง ื•ืœ ื˜ื• ืจื“ื ืฐื• ื˜ ืึท ื  ืึธ ืž ื™ ืข". ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืœืฒืฆืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ:ืืฐื˜ืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข". 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืขื’ ืื™ืš: ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ, ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ืงื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื‘ื•ื ื“"? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืฉืืจืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจ! ื -ื ื– ื•ืœ?? 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ: ืขืจ 
ืื™ื–! ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ึทึธื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืืงื•ืืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืืš ืืฃ 
ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื›ื•ืจืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข, ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื ื™ึทื“ืŸ.. ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ืข ื™ึธื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืืกืข:ื•ืื’ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจืึธื‘ื™ื“ื–ืฉืืŸ. ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผืืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ.. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ ื‘ืื’ืœืฒื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒืกื˜. 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืก ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜: , ืฉื™ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื 
ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 80 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคืŸ 81:ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขึถืจ, 
ืจืื›ืžืึธื ืข ืœื™ืฆืœืืŸ, ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜..." -- ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™! ืคื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ื™ื’! 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืจ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉืฐืื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคึฟืืจืคึผืฒึทื ื™ืงื˜:ืื™ืžื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืฒื™ืกืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 12-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜", ืฆื•ื ,ื™ืึธืจื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืกื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืจื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื–ื™ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“"... ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืขื“ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข.. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืฒื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทืง 
ืืจื™ื‘ืขื•', ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1937 ื’ืขืฉืœืฒึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืงืฐื“, ืงืขื“ืฒื™ ืฆื• ืžืืกืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืจื•ืคืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ ืืฃ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจ ืกืื™ื– 
ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืจืขืก". 

ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธึทืขืœ ืื™ืŸ , ืคืึทืœืงืกื›ืœืื˜", ื‘ืื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ 25 ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื, ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื˜ ืขืก ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ. ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกืึธืคืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ 
ื’ืขื ื•' ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข". ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืš', ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื›"ื. ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื‘ื•ืš" ืื™ืŸ 1981. -- ื“ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ,ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืฒืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 12-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜", ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื‘ืื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื˜ืึธื–, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, 
ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืก ,ื‘".. ,ื“ืืงืขื’ืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, -- ืจื•ืฃ ืื™ืš ื™ื ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“: ื”ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ืžืฒึทืŸ ื›ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜". 

ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’; ,ืึธึทื ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืคึผื™ื•ึนืึธื“', ืฐื™ ื“ืึธ ืฐืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ึนืฉื™ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ื: 
ืกืึธื™ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืฆื™ื‘ืขืœืข-ื“ืจืืžืข ืคืืจ ืงืœื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืฒึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืงืึทืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื™ื ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืกืขืจ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜? ืžืฐืึทืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื™ืจืึธื“ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืกืขืจ, ื›ืื“ืืจืคื˜ ืขื•ื ืึทื ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืื ื“ืกืœื•ืคึผ, ืืจืฑืกืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืื™ื ืืช 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ, -- ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืืจืฆืขืฃ! 

ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื‘ื ื•ืฃ: ื˜ืฑื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึธื ืขื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื™ 
ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืŸ ืœืึทืฉื ื”ืึธืจืข, ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฉืฐืฒึทื’ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืืฑืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜,. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืฉืคึผืืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึตืŸ 
ื“ืขื•' ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืกื•ื™ืžืขืš ืืฃ ื˜ืฑื™ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืื•' ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก , ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื“ืขืจืข", ื“ื”., ื’ืขืฉืคึผืขื ืกื˜ื•, ืึธืŸ ืœืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืŸ 
ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคืื ื˜ืื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจ ืืึธื ืืกืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืึทืŸ ืžื™ื•ื ื›ืื•ื–ืขื• ืงืึทืŸ ืื™ื 
ืžืขืงืื ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ; ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฑืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ โ€ ืืฅ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 12:ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื’ื™ืกื˜', ืื– 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ 1937, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืงื•ื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื”ื™ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ... ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืื˜ืึทื ืขืก ืคืืจ ืฐืฒึทื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืžืืงื™ื ื˜ืึทืฉืŸ, ืืฃ ืกื˜ืืœื™ื ืก ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืจื™ื˜ืฉื ื™ืงืขืก. ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืขืขืžืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ื’ืึธืขืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื”ืฑืกืึธืคืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 12-ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื’ื•ืกื˜". ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื™ืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜. ืื“ืขืจืื‘ืขื•ื•ืขืื“ืขืจืื‘ืข! ืื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืขืจืก ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 


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ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคืืจืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืœ ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ: ืืฑื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืข ืฐืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœืขืจ ื˜ืจืื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืกืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ืข, ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืงืืจื™ืขืจืฅ?! 

-- ื ื•, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื™ืึธื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื™ืœืขืก-ื‘ื™ื›ืœ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ื’ื™ืœื“ืขื ืข ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ, ื˜ืึธ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ! 

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืข" 
ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ,ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืึธืžืข". ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขื•, ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1937, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ืขืฐ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืคืืจื ืื›ื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืข 
ื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืจืขืฉื˜ืฉืื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืš, ื”ืืจืฆืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืฉืขืฐื•ืกืงื™. ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจ ื™ืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ,ืคืืงื˜", ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืฐื•ื“ ืฆื• ืžื' 
ืกืขืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืฉืขืงืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืขื–ืขืฐื•, ืืŸ ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื ืืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ืืฃ ื”ืืจืฆ. 
ืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืฉืขื•ื•ืกืงื™ืŸ.. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคืจืื™ึดื ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื  
ื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœื™ืœืืก ื“ืื ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืขืคืจืื™ึดื ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืืš, 
ื–ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืคืืจืกืืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื•ืฑื‘ื ื•ืฃ.. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืื™ื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืึธื ื”ืึทืขืžืขืก, ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืกืคืืจื“, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื™ื ืึธ. ืœื™ืฐื•ืจืึธื›ืึธ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”. ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš 
,ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข", ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1984, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ,ืืœืžื-ืื˜ื": 

,..ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืกืืš ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืขืจ... ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงืฒึทื˜, ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ืข" 
ื ื™ืžืขืก, ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืžื•ืขืกืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ,ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข" -- ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ. ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜.. " 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขืจ ืืึทื ืืกืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื 
ืžื™ื–ืžืขืจ-ืœืขืกื˜ืืœื™ืšื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ื ื‘ื™ืœื‘ืœ.. ื ืึธืจ ื’ื™ื™, ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึธื›ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืจืขื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื–ื ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง. 


ืœืœื™ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืžืืŸ 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืืœื™ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืื™ืงื•ืœ? ื›ืฒึทืžืข 
ืงืึธืจื“ืึธืŸ. ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื™ 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึทึดื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืืกื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืื ืงื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸ- 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืฆื˜ื™ืฉืข 


ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืืกื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื’ืึธ ื’ืขื“ืืœื™ ืœืื ื“ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ืืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืขืœื™ืก, ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื ืื™ื– ื 
ืคึผืฑืขืœ-ื™ื•ื™ืฆืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื - 


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ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืืงืฆื™ืข 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืขืกื˜ืจืื“ืขื™-ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืขื ืขื ืคืืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจื’ืขื ื˜ื™ื ืขืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจืข ื’ืึธืจืขืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผื™ึทืื ื™ืกื˜ ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืœืขื ื–ืึธืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ, ืื– ื“ื™ 


ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ื™ึทืฉื•ึผื•ื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืžืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. 


ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ ื’ื•ืคืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื- 
ืฆืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฉืขื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื’ืขื“ืืœื™ ืœืื ื“ืžืืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืคืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืข- 
ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. 


ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืฒึทื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ืฒึทื ืข.. 


ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืจื™ื›ื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื. ืจืึธืžืื ืขื ืงืึธืก ืึธื ื™ืงืœืึธื’ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ-ืคืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ื ื™ื ื ืงืื™ 
ื˜ืขืจืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืกืงืื™ื ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื™ 
ื“ื". ,ืžื™ืจ ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืืจืื ืขื ืข ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืึธื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ื ืืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื- 
ื˜ื•ืจ" -- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืกื™ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื’- 
ื’ืจืื“ (ื“ื–ืขืจื–ืฉื™ื ืกืงืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ). 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ" 
(, ืœืขื’ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืกืงืื™ื ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื", 9 ืึธืงื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1988) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืฉืืจืคืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื. ืจืึธืžืื ืขื ืงืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ,ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื•ื™ืžืขื”ื•ืก 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื™ืขื ื™ื–ื', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1986 
ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืื’ ,ืœืขื ื™ื–ื“ืื˜". ื . ืงืื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ,ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืข- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆื™- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื ื“ื–ื ืคื™ืกืœืขืš". ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื–, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข. 

ื. ืจืึธืžืื ืขื ืงืึธ, ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคึผืืžื™ืื˜" ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก 
ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ ืคืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜, ื‘ืื”ื•ืคึผื˜ื ื“ื™ืง, ืื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื - 
ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื“ืข. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืกืึธื“, 
ืืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื–ื“ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืงืœืึธื’ืข. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก: ืจืึธืžืื ืขื ืงืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฃ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜-ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคึผื˜ ื‘ื- 
ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืงืœืึธื’ื˜ืข, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข- 
ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸื“-ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืจืขืš ืื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืึธื -ื™ 
ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื–ื ื ืขื’ืื˜ื™ื•ืข 
ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืšื™ื’ืข-ื™ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื–ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•- 
ื ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืจืึธืžืื ืขื ืงืึธืก ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืง ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืคืืžื™ืื˜" (ืื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ืคืืจ ืื•ืžืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผืื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜?!). 

ืก'ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจืื’ืจืืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืŸ 
ืงืึธื“ืขืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคืืจืื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื”ืขืฆืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืกื™ื ืข? ืฆื™ ืขืคืฉืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืึธ- 
ืžืื ืขื ืงืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ? 
ื ืฉืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“, 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืคึผืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ื ืžื•ื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื™ืขืŸ. 


(, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจื ืื™ื ื’ืื–ืขื˜ื") 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ 


ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข - 
ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ -- ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ. ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ 
ืžืขืŸ, ืืคึผืœืึธื“ื™ืกืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ 
ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืก, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืื ืืŸ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•. ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™- 
ื ืข - ื“ืขืจ ืื ืกืืžื‘ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืฉืขื ืขื•ื• ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืš", 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืœ -- ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ... 

ื”ืืงืœืืœ --ื ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื“. 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืขืžืขืก? ืขืก ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื• ืืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉื•ื™ืขืจ, ืคืืจืคื•ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื–ืืœ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืืœ- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ. ืืœืข ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ: ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืกื˜ืข ืฐื™ืœื“ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ 
ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืกื™. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืฐื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืฐื ื˜. ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื•ื ืฑื™ืคื’ืขื’ืึธืกืขื ืข ืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื. 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื–ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืขืจ ืคืจืื–ืข, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื 


ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื. 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืืžืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืคืึธืœืง --ื ืงืœื•ื’ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืก. ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืืคื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื™ื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ, -- ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืคืฆื•ื ืข- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ื–ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฆื•. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐื•ืฑื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืคื™ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ-ืฐื•ึผ? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ? ืื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื™ 
ืฆืขืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืžื•ื™ืจืข, ืื– ื ืกืืš ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ --ื ืฉืคึผืจืื›- 
ืœืขื›ืข, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข, ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข. ื“ืื - 
ืงืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืืœืข -- ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืขืจ, ื’ืื’ืื•ื–ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืœื’ืืจืŸ -- ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ. 


ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ืฒื™ื™ 


ื . ืึธื–ืฉืึธื’ืึธื•ื•ื 
(ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ืกืงื™ ืื™ื–ืžืื™ืœ") 


198 


ืฐื™ืงื˜ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•, 


ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ 


ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 


ืžื™ื˜ 175 ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ืขื 2 (14) ื™ืื ื•ืืจ 
4, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ , ืคืืจ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ" (ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืงืื–) ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจืื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง -- ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ึดืึทื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ืž. ื™ืข. ืกืืœื˜ื™ืงืึธืฐื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืจ 6 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ืื– 
ืฆืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืข ืคืึธื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ. 
ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง- 
ืกื˜ืข ื“ืื˜ืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืืžืขืจืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 1858 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื–ืื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืกื˜-ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’ ืคึผืจืึธืค. 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืงื•ืจืฅ ืขืจืขื•ื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขื“, ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, 
ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื (ืื™ืŸ 1862) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง 
ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ืื ื‘ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืืจืื™ึดืžืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืืจื›ืขืึทืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฐืจืึธื ืคื™ืจ- 
ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื, ืืฃ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืœืขืง: 
ืฆื™ึทืึธื ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืฑืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจืฒึทื–ืข: ืื™ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 1863, ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 76 
ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืืฐืขืงื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ 


124 


ื˜ืขืง ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื 


ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื”ืืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ืคืืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึทืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ื–ืขืก (ืืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืž- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื—ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืขืก) ืคื•ืŸ ืงืื™ึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื, ืืจื•ืž 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ 
6, ื“ื”. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1899 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืกืื™ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืืจื›ื™ืžืื ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืึธืจืŸ- 
ืœืื ื’ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึทืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทื‘ืืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื ื“ , ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ. ื ื ืฒึทืข ืกืขืจื™ืข". 
ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
0ืขืจ -- 70-ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืื ื™ื”,, ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
,ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" (ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืขื•ื• ืฐ. ืฐ. , ื ืฒึทื“ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืžืขื ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืืฃ ืž. ื™ืข. ืกืืœื˜ื™ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืฉืขื“ืจื™ื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ", 
,ืก. ื”." ื ื•ืž. 9, ื–. 163 -- 170). ืื™ืŸ 1976 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ืื›ื˜ืฉื™ืกืืจืฒึทืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ-ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 3 ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 8 ืงืืจืื™' 
ืžื™ืฉืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1984 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ- 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืฉืืงื™ืฉืข 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื™ืขื•ื•ืกื™ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืกืืš, ื ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื™ึดืขืก. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 17 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืงืกืื•ื•" 
ื™ืื“ืŸ, ืคึผืืจืžืขื˜ืŸ, ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืึทืŸ- 


ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ื™ืขืก ืืฃ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก: ืœืึทืฉื ืงืฑื“ืขืฉ (ืื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื˜), ืืจืืžืขื™ืฉ, ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ, ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ, ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉ, ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืฉืืงื™ืฉ. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจืึทื ืึท 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ืืคึผืื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ื‘ืืจืขืจ 
ื“ืื˜ืข -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ืงืึธื“ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึทื 
(ื“ื”. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒึทื ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข, ื™ืขืจืžื™ืึธื”ื•, 
ื™ืขื›ืขื–ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 12 ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ื) -- ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 916 ื™ืึธืจ; ื“ื™ ืกืืžืข 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ -- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜- 
ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข. ืื•ื‘ ื ืคึผืจื•ื•ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืืคึผืข ื“ื™ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ 
ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืŸ -- ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืื–ื™ึดืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจืขืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคืืจ' 
ื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ื›ืืคึผื˜ ืืจื•ื ื ืงืึธืœืึธืกื- 
ืœืข ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข: ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’ -- ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื“ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืืจืื•ื•ื™ืข (ืื™ืฆื˜ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฒึทืžืขื ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง). 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืืคึผืŸ ืืจื•ื ืคืืง- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจ. 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืืœืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืœืขืฉื•ื™ื ืขืก. ืžื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™' 
ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™" 
ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืขืก, ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ื ืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืคืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข, ื˜ืฒึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืจืืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜- 
ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืก-ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฉืฐืึธื˜ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื•ื“ืื™ึดื–ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืŸ -- ืฅ ื™ื”. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืข ืืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืืžืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดืกืจืขืฒื™ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฃ 11ื•ืข ื™ื”. ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืง ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื ืกืขืงื˜ืข ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคึผื’ืฅ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื 'ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“. ื“ื™ ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ืึทื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืœืขื›ืึทืœื”ืืคึผืึทื›ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื -- 
ื–ื ื™ื”. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข-ืœืขืจืข ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ. 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืื ืฅ, ืืฃ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื– ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ื’ื™" 
ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืฅ. 
ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก 
ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ -- ืืฒื ื”ืฒึทื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื‘ืŸ, 


ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸื“ืจืื‘ืื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืืœืžื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ (ื“ื”. ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื™ 
ื“ืึธืงืกืืœืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœ- 
ืžื•ื“), ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ, 
ืึทื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืšืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข 
ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืœืขืคื‘ื™ื™ืก. ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืจืฒืš'- 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš:ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, -- ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืืจืื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ืข, ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ื ืึทืขื ื˜ ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื•ืจืงื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš -- ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืฉืืงื™ืฉืข. 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื–ื™ืข (ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ,ื‘ื•ื›ืืจืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ") ื ื•ืฆืŸ 
ืื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจ- 
ืกื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื“ื–ืฉื™ืงื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ื”. ื“ื™ ืงืื•ื•ืงืื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืจืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืจืขืฉ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฅ (1492) ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืงืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื. ืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืืœื‘- 
ืื™ื ื“ื–ืœ -- ืกืคืืจื“ืŸ (ืคื•ื ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืขืฅ -- ืกืคืจื“). 

ื“ื™ ืกืคืืจื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒื™ืœืฐืฒึทื– ื‘ืื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœืฐืฒึทื– ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜-ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
(ืœืื“ื™ื ืึธ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉื•ื“ืขื–ืžืึธ), ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง. 

ื ืกืืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ (ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื1|ื -- ืื ื™ื”) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ , ืกืคืืจื“ืŸ" ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ -- 
ืœืขื”ืฒืคึผืขืš ื“ื™ , ืืฉืงืขื ืื–ื™ื" (ืคืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจืขื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ). ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื’ืื ืฅ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืงืกืื™ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืืฃ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืŸ, ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื™ืขืก. ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ , ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืื™ึดื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื) ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืืคื™ืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึทืš 
ืคืืจืืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืคืœืขืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทืš 
ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, 
ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง) ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง ืœืขื’ืื‘ืข ืื–ืขืœ 
ื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ-ืื•ื™ืฆืจืขืก, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืกื™ื˜ืขื˜-ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง (ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื˜ืื ื™ืข), ืฐื•ึผ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ. ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ื™ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ 738 ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 6 ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ 
ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, -- ื ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข. 
0 ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืขื”ื™ืœืขืก (ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืื™ืจืขืจ 
ื’ืขื ื™ื–ืข), ืื•ืŸ 428 ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆ- 


159 


ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข ืคื™ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื, ืืฃ ืื•" 
ืงืจืื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ื“ื™ ื›ืืžืข ืืœื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืื ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ื–ื -- ื•ื•ื ื™ื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืฉืฒื™ 
ืฉืข -- ืฆื•ื ืฆ1ื -- ืฆื ื™ื”. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ: ืงื•ืฃ ืืงื˜ืŸ, 
ืืจืขื ื“ืข-ืึทืคึผืžืื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื›ืฒึทืฐื•ืขืก-:ืฆืขื˜ืœืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืจืื˜-ืงืึธื ื˜" 
ืจืืงื˜ืŸ, ืฆืฒึทื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื™" 
ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. ืžืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ืกื›ืฒึทืฐืขืก. 
ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 1070 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜ืื˜ 
(ืืœื˜ ืงืื™ืจ) (ืื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืž. 349), ื“ื™ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึทืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืŸ 1156 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
(ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’) ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ืขื ื›ืื–ืืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื™ืึธืกื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ ื›ืืกื“ืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืคึผืจื•ื˜ (ืคืืจ' 
ืงืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’). ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึทื™ 
ืคึผื™ึดืขืก, ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ 1577 ื™ืึธืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืงืืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื 
ื•ื•ื ื™ื”. (ื“ื”. ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™), ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’, 
ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืืฐืขืœ ืงืึธืงืึธืฐืฆืขืฐืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ" 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข" 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื–ืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ืื™ืŸ 1932 ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผ. ืงืึธืงืึธื•" 
ืฆืขื•ื• ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ:ื›ืื–ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 

ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื™ื ืขื 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธ 
ื˜ืขืง ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื™ื™ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท 
ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืขืก. ืื–ื™, ืœืข 
ืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืจื™ืžื˜ืฉืืงื™ืฉืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ืœืขืค" 
ื ืึท (1680 -- 1781) , ื“ืขื•ื•ืืจ ืกืขืคื˜ืื™ึทื" (ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื•ื™ืœ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื˜ื”ืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืึธืฃ 1ื•ืฆื -- ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ 43111 ื™ื”. 

ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืจ 
ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื 
ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง -- ืกืฒึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœื˜-ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ, ืœืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ, ืกืฒึท ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฅ- 
ืœืข. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืงืึทืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
,ื›ื™ื™ืคืขืจ-ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก" ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดืฆื›ืึธืง ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึธืขืœื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ืื‘ืขืจ (ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื”) ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ:ื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืกืฒึท ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื™ 
ื’ื™ื ืืœ, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืš. 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืขืจ , ื‘ืืึทื‘ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ื•ืš" ืคื•ื ืขื ืงื- 
ืจืื™ึดืžื™ืฉืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืืœื›ื•ืŸ, ืึธึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 983 
ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึธืกื•ืœ (ืฆืึธืค-ืื™ืจืืง), ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืึทืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ 
ื ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ืฉ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง. ืกืคึผืข" 


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ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืœ 
ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืข ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ืคื™' 
ืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืŸ -- ื ื™ื”. ื“ืื•ื™ืจ 
ืืœ-ืžื•ืงืืžื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ-ื‘ืืกื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืขืœ 
ื˜ืขื ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืื– 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขื˜ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืงืื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืงืึทืฐืฆืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ืข ืฉื™ืœืขืจ ื™ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืกืึธื•, 
ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึธ- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข. 

ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื 
ื ืื˜ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืง-ืžืื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ- 
ื”ืืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืคึผ 
ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจื. 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข: 
ืคื™ืœ ืืœื˜-ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข, ืืœื˜-ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข 
ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืืฃ ืœืื˜ืฒึทืŸ 
(ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืื˜ืฒึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ื™ 
ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™' 
ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ). ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื˜ืขื™ 
ืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืืง- 
ื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงืื˜ืืœืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 1866 ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื™ื•ื™ื ืขื™ื›ืื™ึดื - ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืื ื“. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืกืฒึท ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜ ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืื‘ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืคืืจ- 
ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึทืฉืข ืืœ-ืžืึธืกื ื™ื ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืœืื“ื™ื ืึธ. ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืขืจ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1612 
ื™ืึธืจ,. ื“ื”. ืกืื›ืืงืœ ืื™ืŸ 42 ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, 
ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืก ืืฐื˜ืึธื’ืจืืฃ. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคึผืจืขื•ื•ืืœื™ืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ืง ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื˜-ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืฒืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืคืึธื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืึธืคืขืง ื“ืขืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฐื˜ืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ึทืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ ืจืฒึทืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ. ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืข 
ืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืื›ืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื›ืื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉื (ืกืึธืฃ ื -- ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื–ื ื™ื”.) ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืื‘ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื 


ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘- 
ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื (ืกืึธืฃ ื•ื-- 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื•ื•ื ื™ื”) ืื™ื‘ืจืื”ื™ื (ืืฐืจืึธื”ืึธื) ืื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืจื•ื ืก ืื•ื ื™ืงืืœืขืจ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ โ€ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
3 ืคึผ ืง. ืงืึธืงืึธืฐืฆืขื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉืืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ; ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผ. ืงืึธืงืึธืฐืฆืขืฐ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1916. ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึทื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืขืžื™ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ ืžื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืกืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื 
ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืข, ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข , ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืฅ" 
ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ (1274) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจืึธ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“" 
ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจ 
ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืื™ื–ื. ืžื™ืจ 
ื ืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข ืฆื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ืข ืื•ืค- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืžืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ืจืฒึทื›ืขืจ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข. ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฐืจืึธื 
ื”ืืจืงืื•ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ โ€ 1880 ืืจื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœืฑื˜ืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืฉืžื•ืขืœ 
ื ืึธื’ื™ื“ืก (993 -- 1055) , ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ" (ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ืืž- 
ืœื•ื ื’), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1889 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ืคืืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจืึธืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ื˜ืืจืฉื™ืฉ'. ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืœืื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐืฐื•ื ื ืกื˜ืืจืงืึธื•ื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื ืจืฒ 
ืึธืคึผื”ืื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจ ืฉืืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธืขื˜ ื™ืขื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™. ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืกืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืจื™ื™ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ 
, ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“". 

ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืขืœื˜. 
ื ื™ืกืžืขืกื™ืง ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืฅ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 
ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื•ืฅ- 
ืจืึธืขืกืขืก (ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืจื•ืฉื“ื) ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข 
ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ืืจืื‘ื™ืฉ, ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1270, 
6 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 


ืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื -- ืฆื ื™ื”. ืื™ื ืขื ืงืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื 
ืœื™ื“ (ื“ืึธืจืŸ 124, 5. 161) ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฐื˜ืึธืจ: , ืฉืขืœืึธืžืึธ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืื™ึทื“ ืืจื“ืึธื˜ืขืœ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, 

ืืœืฅ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ 
ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืื™ืจืขืจ ื›ืื–ืŸ ืคื•" 
ื ืขื |1ื•ื ื™ื”. ื™ืขืฉื•ืข ื›ืื–ืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ืฐื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฐื™ ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ืŸ-ืงืœืืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ื”ืืœื™ื™ื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฐื•ืจืึธื ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจืึธ. ื. ื™ื. ื‘ืึธืจื™ืกืึธืฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื˜- 
ื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข ื›ื. 
ื–ืื ืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื•ื•ืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืึทืขื˜ ืขืœืื–ืืจ ื”ืื‘ืื•ืœื™ (ื 
ื‘ืึธื•ื•ืœืขืจ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืืง. 

ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื ื™ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื‘ืกืึทืœื™ื•ื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 

ื‘ื™ื– ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืึธื’ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืฐื™ 
ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธึทืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ 
ื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืฅ 
ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืœื’ืจืฒึทืš ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืืŸ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 40 ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ื”ืข- 
ื‘ืจืขึดื™ึดืฉ. ื“ืึท ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜ืŸ: ,ืกืขื ื“ืขื‘ืืจืก ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืœืขืก" -- ื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ื‘ื ื ืกืืš ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืข- 
ืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจืข- 
ืกืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืšืžื™ื™ืœืขืšืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื–ื™ืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืกื“ื™ื™ -- ื ื‘ืืืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื, ืึธื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ- 
ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข-ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข. 

ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืฅ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ืžืืงืื" (ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ) ืคื•" 
ื ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื !ื•ื -- ืึทื ื”ืฒื‘ 
ื•ื•ื–ืฆ ื™ื”. ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืืœืœื›ืืจื™ื–ื™ ,ื˜ืื›ืงืขืžืึธื ื™" ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืข 
ื ื™ื ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ืงืข ื’. ืž. ื’ืœื•ืกืงื™ื ืข, ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื•" 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืคืœื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ืขืจืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘- 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื ืึธื›ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ 
ืื ื–'ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื–ืฉืื ืขืจ -- 
ืื™ืžืื ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธืจื•ื™ืžื™ืก (1270 -- 1330) !ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’" 
(ืžืื›ื‘ืืจืึธื˜). ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
1, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืฒึทื“ืขื ืงืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืฒึทืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 


7ืค1 


ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื ืึธื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 200 ืืึธืจ. ืฐื™ 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขืงืœืึธืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžืื ื•ื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธืจื•ื™ืžื™ืก ืฐืขืจืง ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืคืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜, ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืขืก. ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืงืกืื•ื™ 
ื™ืื“ืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ -- ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื•ืฆื ื™ื”., ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื˜ืขืจ 
(ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื›ืข) -- ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืฆื ื™ื”. 

ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ึดืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืข 
ืžืขื›ืื‘ืจื™ื. ืื–ื•ื™, ืœืขืžืึทืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ 12 ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื• ืื™ื•ื‘ 
ืื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืื›ืœืขืก ืžืืงืืžืข, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื”ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืžืขื’- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ืœืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืงืืžืข. 

ืงืกืื™ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึทื˜ืขืง ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืขืžืขืก, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืจืึธื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”. ืจืืฉืข ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืืฃ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืš 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืืฑืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ; ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ 
ืงืข ืืฑืกื˜ืฒึทื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื™ึทึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ื’ืขื™ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื -- ืื ื™ื”. 

ืื•ืžืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ 
ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืžืขืจืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืืกืคืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื ื’ -- ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืงืขื ื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืฒ 
ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืข ืฆืึธืœ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืื™ 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 


ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 20 ืงืกืื•" 
ื™ืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื ืืžืขื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ (ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืื›ืœืขืš ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื). ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฐ. ืฐื•. ืกื˜ืืกืึธื•ื•, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜. 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืœื™ืกื˜ ื“. ื’ื™ื ืฆ- 
ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1905 ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืŸ ืืœื‘ืึธื 
,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืจื ืืžืขื ื˜', ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ื– 
ืืฃ ื“ื™" ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ืขื˜ืœืขื™ 
ื›ืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื“ื™ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืžืขืฉ ืคืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ื”., ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืกื“ืฒึทืก ื’ืจืขืกืขื™ 
ืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืŸ-ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–ื™ืจ", 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ 1741, ื ื”ื™ืจื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืœืงื•ื˜ืข. ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื–ื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื•ื ื“, ืœืขืžืึธืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืŸ ื™ืขื›ื™ึดืขืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1419 ืžืื ื•ืคืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื™ 
ื’ื™ึดืขื–ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜: ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืœ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืืฒึทื ื›ื•ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ืฆืืคึผ, ื ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื ืžืืœ 
ืคึผืข, ื ื”ืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืข ื›ืฒึทืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืืฒึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืขืงืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืก 
ืึธืจื ืืžืขื ื˜. 

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืงืื˜ืืœืึธื’ื–, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ืืจื•ืž 
ื›ืืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจื™ืข ืงืื˜ืืœืึธื’ืŸ (,ืืจืื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืคื™ืง') ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
7; ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื•- 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ื’- 
ืœืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ 
ืงืข ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืžื™ื–ืจืขื›ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืื‘ืขืจ. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืคืœืื’ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ 
ืืฒึทืŸ ื ื‘ืืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ 
ืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืฐื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก. ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืฅืข ืงืื˜ืืœืึธื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืจืขื’ื•" 
ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืฆื• 
ืืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืกืื•ื•ื™ืื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 


105 


 =6 266 6 = +=โ€ =ื™ = == -ื™. 


ื™ื™ืก 
ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ 


ืืžืืงืื”ืื•ื˜ืื•ื•ืงืืงืืงืงืื˜ืงืฉื˜ื”ื”ื”ื”ืืงื•ืžืžืชืช ื™ื™ 


ื• 
ื“ื™ื” = = :1055 


ืคึผืจืึธืคึผ. ื . ืž. ื ื™ืงืึธืœืกืงื™ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœืง ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ 


4 ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข 


ืคึผื•ืžืคึผืฒื•ืก ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทื ืื™ืŸ 67:ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ื™ืขืฉื•ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜: ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืื”ื•ืข, ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื“ืœืขืจ; ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง-ืฐืึธืก ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื™ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื“? ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก; 
ืื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื”ืื›ื ืึธืกืข, ืื– ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืžืขืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจืก ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืึทืคื˜ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
,ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข". ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ื‘ื ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืขืžืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื•ืฉื™ื; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒึทืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืคืืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื ืงืึทืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืื ื˜ื™ืื›ื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืงืืคึผืจื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื”ืึทืจืขืฐืขื˜ืข ื’ืจืึธืฉื ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜: ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึผืืœืืฆืŸ ื ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก-ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฒึทืกืขืก. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ึดื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืœืึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืฒื™-ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืฆืจืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ืงื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ-ื–ื›ืึธืจื™ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืง ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืžืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜: ื ืึธืš ื‘ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืฑืœืŸ, ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ืื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ืขืกืŸ ืฐืขืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื. ื“ื™ 
ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืืืžื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื•ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืขืก ื˜ืฑื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืŸ, ื”ืื’ืื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื™ื ืฉืŸ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขื ืง, ืฐื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก, 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืึทืจื‘ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืงื•ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืกื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ, ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืŸ. 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. 


ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ,ืกืึธืฐื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืžืœืื ื“" ื ื•ืž. 1--10, 1989. 


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ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ 


ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืงื•ืคืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืขืคึผืึทื›ืข ืคืืจืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืข 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ? ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ? ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื. ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ื ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืืจืฃ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืกืื™ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืงื•ืคืข 
ืื™ื– ืœืขื’ืืžืจืข ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื•ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื›ื•ืจืฐืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืœืขืก, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉืืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืกืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืืœื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืฆืจืขืก. ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื–ื™, ืžืื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ 
ืคื™ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืืžื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ, ืคืืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. ื ืกืึธืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื“ืข; ื›ืึธืจืขื•ื• ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึทื 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืกืึธื•ื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ื™ืจืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืฐื•ื›ื˜ ื ื˜ืฉื•ึผืฐืข ืึนืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข: ื‘ื™ื“ 
ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ, ืึท, ื’ืึธื˜? ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ืืงืื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืข. 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ืฐื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ื- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืฒื“, ืืจืฒึทื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื–ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ-ื“ืจืืžืข ืคื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื”ืื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ืจืขืฉื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืฑืกืงืฒึทื˜. 

ืืจื•ื ืืœืข ืคื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกืืžืข 
ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ; ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ-ื–ืฒึทืœ ืื™ื– ืึธึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืึธืค 
ื‘ืึธืง ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ, ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ. ืคึผืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ืฒึทืœืงืšืฉื•ืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืขืื–ืฒึทื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืืจืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจืขืก ื–ืฒึทืœืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ". ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑืฐื™ื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื”ืขืจ ื ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืจืขื’ืข ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืฐื•ืขืจื“ืŸ 


10--17 100 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืืจ ื 
ื˜ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื•ืื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืฑืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืขืก; ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: , ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืข ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ". ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืฐืื ื˜, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ื˜ืฒ? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืฒึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืžืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข 
ืงื ืึธื˜ืขื ืข ืคืืจืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื’ื•ืคืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึธื“ืฉื™ื™ื™ืงืื“ืึทืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื–ืข ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ื›ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืืœึถืข ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื•ื™ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืึธืžืคึผืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืจื•ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื•ื™ื›ืขื ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืž- 
ืคืืœืŸ ืจืฒึทื˜ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒึทืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืืœื˜ืŸ. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืœืขื‘ื”ืืคื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืื ื“ืœ; ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ื˜ืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงืึทืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก ืคืืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืงื ืืก-ื’ืขืœื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ. ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื›ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืœื“ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืœืขืš, ืงืขืœื‘ืœืขืš, ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืขืจื˜ืœ-ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืืื•ื•. ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื”ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืฉืจืฒึทืขืŸ, ืžืขืงืขืŸ, ืงื•ื•ืืงืขืŸ, ื›ืจื•ืงืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื•ื™ืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืฑื™ืจืœ, ื ืึธืš 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื›ืืœืคืึธื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืฑืกื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœื’ืจื™ 
ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืืฃ ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ืžืขืจ ืฉืงืึธืœื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืงืึธืœื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืงื ืืก-ื’ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ืžืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืื ื’ืข ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ื‘ื" 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื–ื, ืฐื™ ืกืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ. ืืœืข ืœืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืกื™ืงื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืงืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ื”ืื’ืื ื–ืฒื™ ืืœื™ืŸ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื”ืขืœืคืขืจืก ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜: ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจืขื. ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืจืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขื™ื•ื›ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึท 
ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึนืœ. ,ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžื™ืฉืคึผืึทื›ืขืก', ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ื’ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขื”ืืก, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืืจื™. ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ื˜ืืžืขื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื›ืขืกื™ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉืขื; ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ,ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจ". 

ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืกืึทืœื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืง; ืืœืคึผื™ ืงืœืึธืœื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœ ืืคื™ืœืฅ 
ื•ึดื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื“ืขืจืขืกืŸ; ืืœืข ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉืžื•ื™ืจื™ื. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื. ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆืข, ืงื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื ื™, ื“ื™ื ืข, ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืข ื”ืฑื–, 
ืฐืฒึทืกืข ืฐื™ ืฉื ื™ื™. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืื˜ืขืก, ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜ืขื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžืึธืœืข 
ืืจื‘ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจื”ืขืžื“, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื™ืขื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืกื˜. ื“ืขื ืžืขื™ืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืืจื•ืžื’ืืจื˜ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืืจื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒึทืฐื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจืคึผื•ืจ, ืฉืึธืจืœืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืืฆื™ื ื˜ื“ืคืืจื‘; ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืืจื˜ืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ ื ื”ืขืœืขืจ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืก ืืฑืกื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื ืฒืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืขื”ื™ื ืข- 
ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื. ืืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืก ื—ื™ื˜ืขืœืข, ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐื™ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื•ืจื‘ืื ืขืก. ืึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ 
ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืขื”ื™ื’ืข-ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื™ื ืขื ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขื ื‘ืขืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคึผืจืืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืฅ. 

ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึธืฐื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืšื˜ืึธืžื™ื“. ื 


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ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืข. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื. ื ืึทืš ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ื™ืจื• ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฐื•ื™ื“ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืฉืžืืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืฐืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ; ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืœืึธืคืฆื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฒึทืขืจ, ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš, ืฐืขืžืขืก ืจื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืืœืฒึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉืขื˜ืขืš ืืจื•ื ืื™ื; ืฐื™ 
ืกื•ื™ื“ืขืกื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืึทื˜ื ืก, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš-ืคืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจื‘ืืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืฆืขืจืขืžืึทื ื™ืขืก. ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื”ื™ื ืข-ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื, ืฐืืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ืขื ื•ื•ืืฉื‘ืขืงืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืข ืคืฒึทืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ืฐืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ; ืฐืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžืœ-ืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืฑื”ืขื’ืึธื“ืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš, ืฐืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ-ื˜ืึทืžื™ื–, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื™ืจืข. ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืคืœืขื’ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึทื ื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืจื‘-ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“. ื–ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืฃ-ืฉื˜ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ืื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ืคืืจืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ืšื˜ืึทืžื™ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืง ืžืขืงืขืŸ, ืฉืคึผื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืžืื–ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืฐืขื“ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืื”ืฐืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืืฒื“ืข! ืžืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืึทืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืœืข. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฒึท ืื•ืŸ ื ืฒึทื ืฆื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘"ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“. ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืœืขื˜, ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ืขืงืก ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื–ื ื™ื™ืขืš ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืขืžืœ-ืžืขืœ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืืงืขื ืขื ืงื•ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ -- ื ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืกื•ื“ืข ืคืืจ ื™ืื”ื•ื•ืข. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ื™ืง ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืงื™ื”ืื ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ื–ืฒื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื. ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื - 
ื’ืขืŸ: ,ื”ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก, ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ! ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸืื•ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜!"' ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข 
,ืฉืžื" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื–ืžื•ื™ืจื™ื. ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืฃ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฐื•ื•ื™ื“ืข, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืืœืŸ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื›ืืœืึธืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ,ืจื•ื™" 
ื›ืขืจืŸ', ืฐื™ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ; ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืœ, ืื•ืขืงื™ 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ื™ื™ืขืš ื”ืืงื˜ืึธืจืขืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจืึธืžืื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืฒึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืžืึทืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ-ืื•ื™ืœืข. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ื ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืืจื‘ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึธ? ืงืึธืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ืžืึธืœ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืฒึท ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐืึธื›ืŸ, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืžื˜ืฑื™ืฐื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืงืึทืจื‘ืึทื ืขืกื™ื›ืื˜ืืก (ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื›ืื˜ืึทื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“) ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก 
ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข (ื“ืื ืง-ืงืึทืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก) ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืึธืจื‘ื“ื›ืื˜ืืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจืึธืคึผืฉื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืœ, ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื˜ืก; ื“ืึธืก ืคืขื˜ืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ืืคืŸ ืžื™ื–ื‘ืฒื™ืขืš; ื“ืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืคืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืš; ื“ืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื“ืื ืง-ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกืŸ. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื–ืฒื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข ืžื™ืกืคึผืืœืขืœื™ื, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืืฐื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืก, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ. ืื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืฑื™' 
ื”ืื ื™ื; ื ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜. 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื˜, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืœื™ื›ื˜ืŸ. 

ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ืื’ืึธื’ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 


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ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ; ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืŸ, ืื– ื‘ื 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืืœืคืื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜. ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ ื ืœืื ื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ; ืืจื•ื ืื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืคืŸ ื“ื™ืœ 
ืฐื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ" 
ื˜ืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืขื‘ื’ืก ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืื ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืง, ืงืจื™ื’ื˜ ื ืงืœืืค ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืฒึทื˜ืœ. ,ืคื™ืจืขืจืœื™ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืคืืจืืŸ", ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื™ึทื, ,ื ืฉืฐืึธื, ื ื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืคึผ. ื ืฉืฐืึธื 
ื–ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ ืืœืฅ; ืื•ืŸ ื ื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก; ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฐืฒึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืคึผื–ืืฅ; ื ื–ื™ืคึผ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ". ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื–ื™ืคึผ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืืจืืžื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึดื. ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฑื™' 
ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื™ึทื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ,ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ื’ืขื‘ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข; ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’ ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ืง.. 
ืขืจ ืก'ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืœืขื-ื”ืื‘ืข". ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ืขื“ื™ึดืขืก, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ื ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืฐืฒึทื– ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื‘ืื ื‘ืึทื›ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืขืœืขืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผ, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจืข. ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื–ืืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืงืขื”ื™ืœืข. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืคืื ื’-ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงืึธื”ืึธืœืฉืŸ ื›ืขื–ืฉื‘ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒึทื’ื•ื ื’, ืื– ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืืš, ืื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธืš ืื“ื”ืฒึทืขื 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืื“ืึธืจื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ 
ืฉืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืงืฑื™ื“ืขืžืงืึทืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืฆืฐื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ื“ื™ ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื™ึดื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืื ื’-ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข. 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ืœ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ, ื‘ื™ืก-ืขื ื™ืึท, ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึท- 
ืœืื™ึดื. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืก-ืขื ื™ืึท ืื™ื– ืคืืจืืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ืคืื ื’-ืฉื•ืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ืขืก ื–ื™ 
ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ,ืืžื•ื™ืจืื™ื", , ื˜ื ืึธื™ึดื", ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืฉื•ืขืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืกื˜ืข ืกืึทึธืคืจื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืืžืื™. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื™ืคืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืื‘ื™ื™ื™ึทื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึทึดื. ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ืœื˜, ืืฃ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ื“ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกืขืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืืฒึทืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ; ืžืข 
ืงืึทืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงืขื ืขืจืก. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื ืขืœืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ: ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืื–ืขืจืŸ ืืฃ ืืฑื™ืกืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. , ืื™ืš ื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ื 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ; ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ ืคืจื™, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ืฃ ืคืจื™, ื ืึทืจ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ ืคืจื™, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ -- ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฒึทืŸ ื”ืึทืจืขืฐื' 
ื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธืจืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜; ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฒึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืœืขื- 
ื”ืื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ -- ืฆื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’". 

ื ืึธืจ ืึธื˜ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืคึผืืจืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืคืืจืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื: ,ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื™ื’ืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฆื™ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื’ืึทืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื'. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืืจื•ื, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืŸ ืงื•ื™ืœ ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืขืก, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, 
ืื– ื ื‘ืขื”ื™ื™ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคึผืฒื’ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื™ืึธืžื˜ืขืฐ, ื˜ืึทืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ืกื˜. ื‘ืืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืฐืขืง; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ืก'ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื ืกื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ, 


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ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜: , ืื™ืš ื”ืื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื’ ืื™ืš 
ื–ื™ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜?" ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืขืก: ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืื–ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึทืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฆื’ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืึทื˜, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข ืื•ืžื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื˜ืฒ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทื“ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ืขืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื“ืขืจื ื™ืก, 
ืคืฒึทื’ืŸ, ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืฉืžืขืงืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืฐืึธื ืึธืŸ, ื ืฐืฒึทืกืŸ ื”ืึธืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืืคื™ืœืข 
ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืฒึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ, 
ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ืขืจ ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืœืฑื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืึทืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืฒึทืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืฉืฒึทื›ืขืก ืฆื•ื ืงื•ืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื™ื•ื•ืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืืžื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฉืขืกืœืขืจ, ืงืœืืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฆืฒึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™, -- ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื’ืจื™ืš 
ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื”ื•ื™ื–; ื“ื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื‘ืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ื˜ ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืืฐื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืึธืจืข", ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืืจื ื™ื–, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืžืึธืœืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืžื™ืคืึทืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. 
,ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ืฐืขื˜ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ืื–ื™ืœื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืŸ 
ืขืฉืืคืึธื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทืจื ื™ื˜". ื˜ืฉืขืกืœืขืจ ื’ื™ืขืŸ ืืฐืขืง ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืขื ืข: ืฐืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“" 
ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื ืึธื™ึดื -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึทืš ืืฐื™ ื’ื•ื˜. ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืื–ื•ื™: ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื‘ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืกืืงื“ื™ืŸ, ืึธื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืฆื• ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืืฃ ื ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคืึธืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ืื ื‘ืฒึทื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ. ืืœืข ื˜ืฉื•ืฐืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืื ื™ื™ื™ึทื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื•ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ 
ื ืฐืขื’ืฐืฒึทื–ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืคืืœืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื ืข, 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ืจืขืฉ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืžืฒึทืกืข. 

ื ืึธืš ืืœืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืึทืฐืขื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืกืึธืคืจื™ื. ืฐืขืจ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒ,. ืงืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข? ืฐืขืจ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒื™, ืงืขืŸ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืฆื™ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข? ืฐืขืจ, ืื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืึธื ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืœ, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ื ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? ,ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื˜ืฒึทืขืจืขืจ ืฐื™ ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ", ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืืœ 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทื ืคืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข, ืžื™ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึทืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื“ื™ื™ืข, ืื– 
ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึดื. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื™ 
ื”ืื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืืœืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื’ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฐื•ื™ื“ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื™ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื 
ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืื”ื™ืœืคื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืœืื“ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืกืึทืคืจื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคื•ืœื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™" 
ื“ืขืจ. ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ืื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืฒึทืœืขืก, ืื– ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืœืฑื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ื 
ืกื•ื™ืคืขื•ื™. ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ืžืขืคืืจื ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื. ืคื™ืœ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื™ืžื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžืื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ืกืึทืคืจื™ื. , ืื™ืš ืœืึธื– ืึธืŸ ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืืœืข ืžืขืœืึทื›ื˜ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืŸ 
ืžืฒึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข", ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ึธื“, ,ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืกื›ืืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜". ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืจืื ืง ื ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืข, ืงืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจืŸ: ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื, ื–ื™ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. 

ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื-ืจืื‘ืึธื ื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื˜ืฑืจืข ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฐืขืงืŸ ืกืฒึท ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืœืขืฉืขื ืฉืึธืžืื™ึดื, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืื™ื›ืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืœืข 
ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฅ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ,ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื›ืื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ 
ืจืฒื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืจ? ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“; ืฐื™ ืงื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืจ 


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ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืื“ืจื™ื™ื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืงืฒึทื˜?" ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, 
ืื• ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื:ื”ืื‘ืข, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืึธืก; ืกืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืก, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื. 
ื”ืื›ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืจืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืฃ ื ืกืืš ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืื‘ืึทื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜: ,ืฐืขืจ ืกืข ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ื›ืื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฒึทื›ื˜ืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงื ืก, ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืื›ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ 
ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ืื“ืึธืจื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ื’ืึธื“ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื™ืŸ- ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคึทึผืจืจ 
ืฉื™ื", ื ืึทืจ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืฒึทืžืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึทึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื, ืคืืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ; ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฑื™ืคึผื˜-ื–ืืš; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึธืจื‘ืึทื ืขืก, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืืžืขืจืืฆื™ื". ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจื“ื‘ืื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืขื ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืฑืขืจื™ื, ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข 
ืขืจื™ืกืŸ; ืคืืจ ืืจืขื ื“ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืขืจ ืงืฒื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืฒื‘ื™ืง ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขื•' ืขืจื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืœืขื‘ืึธืก. ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืจื™ืŸ, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคึผืกืืงื“ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื˜ื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืข ืœืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืกื˜-ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, 
ืื– ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: ,ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืืฒึทืš, ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืืงืขืก", ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื 
ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืืžื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒ, ืฐื™ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขืš, 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜. 

ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื•ืขืงื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืขืจ 
ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืกื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืคึผืจืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜. ืืคื™ืœืข ื ืงื™ื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก; ืื•ื‘ ืกืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื–ื ื™ื™ึดืฉืขืฐ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก. 
ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื’ื™ืขืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืจืข, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืืžืขืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ืื™ืจ ืืฐืขืงืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึดื; ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืœืžืขืจ (ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืืงื•ื™ื“ืขืฉ), 
ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืฑื™ืคืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ืงืฑื“ืขืžืงืึทืœ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข ,ืฉืžื', ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืคื™ืœืข 
ืฉืžื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง: ื’ืขื“ืขื ืง ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื”ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒึทึดื,. ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ื™ืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื ืคึผืืจืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืกืฐื™ื™ ื”ืืงืึทื“ืขืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื“ืจืึทืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ืขื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืฉืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืข ืจืื‘ืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื›ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ื™, ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืึทืฉืขืก? ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฉืข ืคืืจ ื ื“ืจืึทืฉืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ? ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืคืืจ. 
ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื˜ืจืืงื˜ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืจืื ืึธื ื™ื. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืกืืš ืžืึธื™ 
ืจืืœื™ืฉืข ืกืขื ื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืื–ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืก:ื”ืื›ืื“ืึทืฉืข ื ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื˜ืขืกื˜ื' 
ืžืขื ื˜). ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ืกืืš ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื™ืฆืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคืืจ ืืœืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ,ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืขืš ื”ืื™ืึธืฉืขืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืืจืฃ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ? ื–ืฒึท ื’ืข 
ื”ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ื•ืข, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืืจื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ืื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ: 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฑื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืืœืข ื“ืฒึทื ืข 
ืžืฒึทืกื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืš". ,ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“: 
ืื•ื‘ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื™ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื“ืื ืง ื“ืขื ืึทื ืคืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกื•ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื“ืื ืง ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ; ืื•ื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืœืข, ื“ืืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ; ื ืžืื’ื™ื™ืคืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ืื™ื™ื‘ ืžืข ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ืก, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, 
ื˜ืฑื˜-ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ; ื ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืข ืงื•ืžื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืคืืจ ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข: ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื›ืฒึทืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ ืคืืœืฉืข ืฉืฐื•ึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื›ื™ืœืขืœ-ื”ืืฉืขื; ื ื’ืึธืœืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจืฒึท, ืคืืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœืืกื ืงืฒึทื˜, ืคืืจ ืจืขืฆื™ื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืขื›ืืœืขืœ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ื–ืฒึทืŸ". ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ 
ืงืข ื“ืจืึธืฉืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ: ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก 


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ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืœืฅ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื•ืข ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืฉื•ืฐืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืกื•ื™ื™-ื”ืืงืึธื“ืขืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื“ืื ื™ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื•ืก ืขืคึผื™ืคึผืื ืขืกื™ืขืก ืจืขื“ื™ืคืขืก. , ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜-ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ (ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึธื˜), ืื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืŸ. ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™; ื–ืฒึท ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืื“ื™ืง ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜ ืืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื ืึทืš 
ื˜ื›ื™ืืก-ื”ืืžื™ื™ืกื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืกืฐืึธืœื˜ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื‘ืึธื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจืฒึทืขืก, ืึทื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืจืขื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืจืขื, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื ึตื™ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืืจืœื™ืจืŸ ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจืขื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืข. ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 
ืื–ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืขื“ืืœืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจ: ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื˜ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก. 
ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจืฒึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื; ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืงื ืขืกืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. 

ืก'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืืงืขืก. ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืคืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึธืก- 
ืจืึธืข?, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืืฆืขื•ื• ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฉื•ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืžื•ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ืžืื›ืŸ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ื- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ื ืจืขื›ืข, ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ื˜ืืœืžื™ื“. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืืžืจืข ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืจืื ืึธื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื ืฉืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข 
ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืืžืœื™ืขืœ, ื“ืขื 
ืืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ืคึผืื•ื•ืขืœืก ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื”ื™ืœืขืœ, ืฉืืžืื™, ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™, ืฐื™ ื‘ืขืŸ ื‘ืื’ื‘ืื’, , ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืจ ืืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืก, ื•ื™ ื–ื™, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื ื™ื˜". ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, ืคืืจืงืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื˜- 
ืžืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึทื’ื˜ ืงืœืืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ,ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคืืจ 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื ืฆืึทืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฆืึธืŸ", ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืœ ื”ืืงืึธื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืคืฒึทื ื˜ ืคืืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืฒึทืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื˜". , ื”ืึธื‘ ืœื™ื‘ 
ืฆื• ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ. ื”ืืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืคืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜", ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืืžืื™. 
ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื™ืŸ', ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ื™ืœืขืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึทืš 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜; ื“ืึธืกืจืึธื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืฒึทื ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืฒื ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ-ืคืจื•ืžืงืฒึทื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืคื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืืจ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืื ืงื‘ืืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ืึธืจื’ื–ืื ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืืœืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื•ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ. ืืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื™ืขืฉื•ืขืก ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื" (ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ ,ื˜ื™ืจืข"), ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื–ื™ ืึทื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืืœืข ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืขืฐืฒื™ึดื. ื“ืึธ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ: ,ื™ืขื”ืึธืฉื•ืข", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืื ื“ ืงื ืืืŸ, ,ืฉื•ื™ืคื˜ื™ื' -- ืžืฒึทืกืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคื˜ื™ื, ,ืฉืžื•ืขืœ' ืื•ืŸ ,ืžืืœืึธื›ื™ื", 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขืก, ื‘ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื ืื•ื•ื•ื›ืื“ื ืขืฆืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืึธืจืขืฐื• ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกืึธืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืœื›ื•ืก ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ืงืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืœ. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืฒื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ื“' ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื ื™ืขืฉืฒึทืข, ื™ื™ึดืจืžืฒึทืึธื”ื•, ื™ืขื›ืขื–ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืขืœืฃ ืงืœื™ื ืข ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ื“ืจืฒึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืึธืœืขืก ื›ืื’ืฒึท ืฆืขืคืื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืืœืื›ื™. ื“ื™ , ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข" ืื•ืŸ ,ื ืขืฐื™ื™ื" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื; ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึทื. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื˜ื™ืจืข" ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ,ื ืขืฐื™ื™ึดื" ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื. ื ืกืืš ืžื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืืจืคื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึธืคืจื™ื, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืจื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืžื™ื–ืžืึธ- 


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ื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™' 
ื“ืขื ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ 150, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืคืืจ ืืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ืคืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ืžืข ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ,ื˜ื™ืœื™ื'. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื›ื- 
ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืืกืืคืŸ, ืืฒื™ืกืึทื ืขืŸ, ื™ืขื“ื•ืกื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™-ืงื•ื™ืจืืš. ื ืึธืจ, ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื–ืžืึท 
ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืื ืืš, 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึทึธืš ื ืกืืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข: ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืžืึธืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐื™ ืžืข 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข ื”ื 
ืžืขืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข 
ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. ืžืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ืื›ืึธืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ , ืžื™ืฉืœืข", ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืึธื›ืขื ืฉืœื•ื™ืžืข. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืžื•ืกืขืจ-ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, , ืื™ืขืฐื•", 
,ืจื•ื˜", ,ืขืกื˜ืขืจ", ,ืงื•ื™ื”ืขืœืขืก", , ื“ืื ื™ืขืœ". ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ืฐืฒึทื–, ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,ืงืกืึธืฐื•ื™ื" (ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข). ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื 
ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทืคึผ 
ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ: ืื•ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœืฒึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืื– ืื›ื•ืฅ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื˜ืืงืข ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข. ืื™ืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืจ ืกืึธ- 
ืคืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื›ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึดื. 

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื‘ืึธื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืึธืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™" 
ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜. ื“ื™ ืงื•ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืจืึทืคึผืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ืขื ,ืืžืึธืจืขืฅ". ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ. ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื ืงื•ืง ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืœืื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื”ืฒึทื“ื ื™ืฉืŸ" ื’ืืœื™ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืื ื˜ ื‘ื 
ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื‘ืืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ืกืืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ -- ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผื•ืฑืขืจื™ื, ืกืฒึท ื“ื™, ืกืฒึท ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜. ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืคึผืฒึทืขืจืŸ: ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข: ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืกืืš ื–ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืฑื™ื˜ืฐืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข: ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึดื. 
ืก'ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ื“ืขื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ,ืืžืึธืจืขืฅ". 
ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื– ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื, 
ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืฒึทื–; ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ื 
ืกืืš, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึทืœืื™ึทืžืขืจ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืงื ืืก-ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืงืึทืจื‘ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 


:2 
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ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ืœืขืš ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืขืก ืžืื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืขืก 


107 


ืกืึธื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืข 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืกื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืžื˜ืึทืœืขืจืื ื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜; ื“ื™ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืงืฒึทื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืฉืึธื“ืŸ. ืก'ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื“ื ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืฑื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืขืงืื ืข ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ 
ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืื ื“ืœืก-ืคืืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜: ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืื ื“ืœืกื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืกืกืคึผืขืฆื™ึดืขืœืข 
ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืฒึทืก, ื“ื™ ืžืขืงืึธื›ื™ื ืืฃ ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื ื‘ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทื– ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก. ืื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคืืจื ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืจืฒึทืš ืฐืขื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ื ืกืืš 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื›ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืกื™ื ืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฒึทื“ื ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›- 
ืจื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก' 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ืืคืขืœ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื– ื™ึทื“ืŸ, ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืจืื˜ ื‘ื" 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืžื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืฆื• 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทืงื•ืจืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืคืจืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืžื’ืขื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืคืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืจืฑื‘ืขืจืฒึท, ืืฒื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืึธื ืขืŸ; ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืžืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™, ื‘ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืืจ' 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ืข ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธ 
ืœืื™ึดืžืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒึท ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืืจืฃ ืขืก ื˜ืืงืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ: ,ืฐืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืคื’ืขืœืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜' 
ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืฒึทื’ืขืก". ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื›ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜: ื›ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืŸ' 
ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทืฉื™ึดืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืืจืึธืคึผืฐื•ืืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื”ืืกื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืขื˜ 
ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืžืื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“; ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืกืึธืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœื’ืฒึทืฐืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจืฒึทืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึธึดื“ึนืŸ ืฐื•ืขืฅืŸ ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืก'ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืงืœืื ื’, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื”ื•ื“ืข", ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒึทืŸ- 
ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืžืึธืœืข ืกื™ืžื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื. 

ื ืึธืš ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึทื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืื™ื•ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ืก, 
ืื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจื‘ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื ื ื’ืขืฆืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ืืจื‘ืขื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืืœื™ืœ. ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ - ื ืกืืš, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื›ื™ืจืขืก ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืจืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืข ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืก 
ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืคืžืึธื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื“ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื ืจื•ื™ื‘-ื›ืฒึทืข, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ืขื ืึธืจืข" 
ืžืืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื›ืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึธื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข 
ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืฒึทื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื -- ื’ื™ื‘ ืžืึธืกืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ, ื’ื™ื‘ 
ืžืึธืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืฒึทื›ืœืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืœืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืืžืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒึทืŸ ืกื˜ืื“ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื‘ืื–ื™ืฆืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ ืืฐืขืง ื ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ -- ,ื“ืขืจ ืืžืึธืจืขืฅ. ืคืืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืกื˜ ืื™ ื“ื™ ืจืฑื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื; ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ืก: ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก-ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื ืงืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ, 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืื ื”ืขื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืฒึทืš ืืจื•ื™ืกืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืกืึธืคืจื™ื 
ืคืœืขื™ืŸ ืื’ืขื•ื• ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’. โ€ ื‘ืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึทื™ 
ืœืขื ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’", ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจืึธ, ,ืฐืฒึทืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืจืข ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ. 

ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืœืžืขืœืึธื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืขืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืงืขื“ืฒื™ ืฆื• ื’ืข" 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื’ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืฃ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขื›ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืขืงื˜ืข 


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ืื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– 4000 ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืก' 
ื”ืืžื™ืงืจืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ื“ืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื ื˜ื•ื: ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆืึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืก:ื”ืืžื™ืงื“ืขืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธืคืจื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜. ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืื‘ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืคื™ืœืข. ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ื”ืื ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืขืจ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืฉืขืฐืข 
ืœืฒึทื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืื– ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืก" 
ืจืึธืข?, ืื– ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืžืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื–ื™, 
ืื– ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ื ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืข. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืข ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืกื›ืฒึทืขื• ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข- 
ืžืขืŸ: ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืืžืข ืงืืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ื ืžืืฉื’ื™ืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืขื’ื˜ ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื›ืขืจ, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ื‘ืฒึทืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกืึทื™ืขืŸ ืจืฒึทืš ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ, ืฐืฒึทืœ ืกืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ืจืข: ,ืœื•ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืฆืืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ". ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื˜ืืงืึทื ืขืก, ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ; ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื™ืึธืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืคึผืจื•ึผื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืืฉื’ื™ึดืขืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืฒืกืŸ, 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืืจืฒึทื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืข. ื“ื™ ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืืžืึทืœื™ืงืข ื›ืขื•ื•ืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืื›ืŸ; ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื‘ื ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืœืฅ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื–ืื ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืขืจ ืžืืฉื’ื™ืขืš, ืื–ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข; ืื•ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืื›ืŸ, ืื–ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ืืกืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืฒึทื ืขืก ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืืฉื’ื™ืขืš. 

ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื–ื ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืจื•ืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืข 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื™ื™ื. ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื‘ืืœื“ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึธืฉื™ึดืขืš, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœืื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืขืงื˜ืข ื–ืขืœืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ ืงื ืขืกืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืข ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฐืฒึทื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึทืฉื™ึดืขืš ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืฐื™ื“ืก ื”ื•ื™ื–. ืขึถืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื’- 
ื ืขืจ, ืจืขืฉืึทื™ึดื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืื– ื–ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืขืžืขืกืŸ 
ืขืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒึทื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื›ืื‘ืืจ, ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืคื™ืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืžืขื˜ืืžืข ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ืฐืขืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืจืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืฆืขื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืฐืขืœืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืขืจืื›ืžืึทื ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ืœื•ื˜ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื ื™ืขืจื•ืฉืึธืœืื™ึทื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“. ื”ื™ืžืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืื ืฐืขื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืฒึทืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืจืืงืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืืจื’ืขื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืืฐืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜. ืก'ืขืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ืœื™ึดืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ. ืก'ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื ืงื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืคืฉื˜ืื ื“, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. 


(ืกืึธืฃ ืงื•ืžื˜, 


ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืคืจืื•ื•ื“ื" 


ืžืขื˜ืืžืึธืจืคืึธื–ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข 


ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื›'ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. 
ืึธื˜ ืื™ื–, ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึท 
ื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืกืฒึทืขื ืก ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ': , ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื• ื‘ืขื ืขื’ื™ื™ืข ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš ืื™ื– - 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืจืฑืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคืืจ. 
ืฉืงืœืืคื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ". ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ?" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืืฃ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข: 
,ื™ืึธ"... 

ืคื•ื ื•ื•ืื ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื˜ืืžืึธืจ- 
ืคืึธื–ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? ืฆื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืžืขื˜ืืžืึธืจ- 
ืคืึธื–ืขืก ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ? ืฆื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืกืึธื“ 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืš ืคื•ื ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ ืื™ื– ื 
ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ืขืจ: ื“ืขืก ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขืงืœืืจืืฆื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืจืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ: ืืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข , ืกืžืขื™ 
ื˜ืขื ืข" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื˜ืœ ,ืึทื˜ืงืื–ื ื™ืงืขืก", ืืฃ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื•ืคืŸ ืืฃ ืืœืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงืึธื ืคืขืจืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืกืฒึท ืฐืึธืœืฐืœ, ืกืฒึท ืœืฑืฅืŸ- 
ื‘ืืจ... 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื”ืืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืืึธืจื ืœืื ื’ ื‘ืื–ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“- 
ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืคืข ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืึธื•. ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 

ื“ื–ืฉื™ืžื™ ืงืืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™- 
ื“ืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื ื•ืžืœื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืง- 
ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืืŸ ืกื˜ืจืื˜ืขื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื›ื™ื™ื ื“ืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืขืงื™ืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื ืขืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืŸ ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจ, ืื– ื›ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึทืคึผืฉื™ืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ. ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ , ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข" ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš 
ืืฑืกื’ืขืฐืขืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืœืืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขื• ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืืจืฒื™ืŸ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ 
ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืฉืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืจืืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึธื ืฐืขื–ื ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 


10 


ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒืจืึทืคึผืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืคื•ืœืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ืจ, 
ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ื‘ื ื“ื™ 
ืืฒึทื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 

ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืืœื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ,ืึธื˜ืงืื–ื•ื™ 
ืงืขืก", ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืข ืœืื ื“ืกืœืฒึทื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื›ืื“ืึธืฉื™ืžืœืื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจืื›ืึทืœืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ื•ื•ืืจื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ ื ื“ืขืจืœื™" 
ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ 
ืืœืก , ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื". 

ื”ืืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื‘ืืฐื•ืกื˜, ืคืืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื", ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉื ืคืขืœืงืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜, ื™ืขื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืึธืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข, ืื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ืื ืฒึทื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืคืึทืœื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคืืจืืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ (ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืืžืึธืœ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ) ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš, 

ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื‘ื•ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ืื–ื ืืฑืคืŸ, ืื– ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืจืฒึทื ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“. ,ื ื™ื˜- 
ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ึดืขืœ ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืข, ืื– ื–ื™ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึทืกืจืึทืขืœ, -- ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ,ืงืจื™ืก" 
ื˜ืฉืขืŸ ืกืฒึทืขื ืก ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจ", -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึทืขืœ ืฉืืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ืคืืจืžืื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื ื–ื™ื˜-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืงืขื“ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืก 
ืจืึธืขืœ". 

ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข-ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงืฆื™ืขืก 
ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื ื’, 
ืื–ื•ื™: ืื•ื™ื‘ ืืฐืึธืกืขืจ-ื ื™ื˜-ืื™ื– ืœืื ื“ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืืฃ , ืืœื’ืข- 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก", ื“ื”. ื‘ืขืฉื•ื-ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ,ืคึผืœืฒ 
ื˜ื™ื". ืื–ื ืžืขื“ื™ื ืข ืื™ื– ื™ื™ึดืกืจืึธืขืœ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืŸ ืขืจืขืš 
6 ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื ื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจ- 
ื‘ืื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ ืื”ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืึธื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ โ€ ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
;ืืจืฒึทื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื ืืฃ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืขืกื•ื™ื“ืขืก" -- 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื ืคืืจื–ืืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ 
ืœืขื. ืื”ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืจืื˜ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืžืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจ. 


ืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื™ืงื˜ืื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจืขื-ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึท ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขื, 
ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื˜ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขืจ- 
ื ืึธืฐื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืืคืŸ ืกื˜ืื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคื 
ืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ , ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜"... 

ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ;,ื ื™ื•ื–ื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืื ื’ 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฒึทื˜ืึทืŸื“ื‘ื™ื˜ืฉ (ื“ืขืจ ืจืื™ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฐื™ืึธืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ 
ืขืก ืงืึทื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืžื™ื’ืจืื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ืŸ- 
ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ -- ืฐ. ?) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคื•ื ื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืืคื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ื™ืขืŸ 
ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึธื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ื ืื ืฅื“ืžืื›ื™ื ืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืœืขื - 
ืคืืœืฉืข ืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜-ืงืืจื˜ืœืขืš, ืจืขืงืขื˜, ื”ืืจื™ื’ืข, -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืข ืื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืึธืจื’ืื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ืขืจื™ืฉืงืฒึทื˜. ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืขืจ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื•ืฆืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืžืืกืฉื˜ืื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืคื™ืข. ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื ื˜ืฉื™ืงืื•ื•ืข, ืคืจื™ึดืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืข, ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื”ืฒึทื˜: ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืžืื›ื˜- 
ืึธืจื’ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“ ืืจื•ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ,ืคึผืึทื™ 
ืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื", 

ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืื– ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื’ืœืื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืื‘ืขืœืขืจ ,ื ื™ื•-ื™ืึธืจืง ื˜ืฒึทืžืก". 

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคืื’ืื ื“ืข, 
ื ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง , ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ", ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ" 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜, ืื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืกืกืจ, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืข 
ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื– ื“ืึธืก- 
ืจืึธืฐื• ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ื ืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืขืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจ- 
ื˜ืจืื›ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื”ื™ื™ื. ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ -- ืืŸ ืื™" 
ื’ืขื ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืž' 
ื“ืข ื“ื™ืจืขืก ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืืฃ 
ื ืฒึทืข ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ื™ืจืื ื˜ืŸ, 

ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืืจืืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื–ืขืœื›ืข, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื‘ื ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขื˜ืึธืš ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืฐื•ึผ ืฆื• 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ -- ืื‘ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคืึธืจื˜. ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜ ืืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืœื™ื‘ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ" 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื ื˜ืฒึทืฐืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจ ืžืื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึธื“ ื ื™ื˜, ืื– ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ืžืื›ืžืขืก ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ื•ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ืฒึทื˜. ืงืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ืื–, ืึธื  
ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื ืึธื›ืžื™ืœื›ืึธืžืขื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ืคื’ืื‘ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒึทืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืžืขืจืฉืืคื˜. 
ื”ืฒึทื ื˜, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืคืืจื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธึท: ืฆึดื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื›ืืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืงืœืืžืข? ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ืืœืฅ ืื–ื™ ื’ืœืื˜ื™ืง, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื 
ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœ , ืืžืขืจื™ืงื", ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืง- 
ืœืขื›ืงืฒึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืœื’ืœืื ืฆืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคึผืืงื•ื ื’? 

ื“ื™ ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžืข ืคื™ืจื˜ ืคืืจืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข, ืืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ืคืจื™ึทืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืืžืข ืคืืจืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืœืื ื’ืข ืฆืฒึทื˜: ืืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื‘ืจื•ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ 
ืึธื ืฉืฑื™ืœืขื›ืข ืื’ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืข. ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื ืคืึธืจ- 
ื–ื•ื•ืจืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื™ืจืข ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื›ื•ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธ- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข? ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื“ื•ืฆื™ืจื˜ ื‘ืข- 
ืกืขืจืก, ื“ืืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื. ืืŸ 
ืื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืืš ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืื’ืื–ื™ืŸ-ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื‘ื 
ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฐืฒึทื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืœืฆื™ื™ื ืก ืคืื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจ. 

ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืขืกื˜- 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœืื ื“ ืืฃ ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืื™ื™- 
ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ 
ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื–ืจืขืš, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืคืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐ-ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืฉื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. ืขืก ืคืืจื˜ืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื”ืฒึทื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืข ืžืขื’ืœืขื›- 
ืงืฒึทื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืจืขืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
,ืžืื’ืื–ื™ื–-ืคืืจืžืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’" ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืœื™ื–ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื, -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืกืžืขื˜ื™ืง. ืก'ืื™ื– ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš 
ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ื”ืฒึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืื ื“, ืฐื• ืืฒืŸ 
ืคึทึผืจืึทืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ืคืขืจื˜ื›ื™ื™ืœืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืจืฒึทื›- 
ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืฆืขื“ื•ืจ:ืคืจืฒึทื”ืฒึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึทืงืจืื˜ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ 
ืืฃ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืึธืก, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืžืข 
ื“ืืจืฃ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืืกืคึผืขืงื˜. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ืืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจืื ืข. ืกืึธืคืงืึทืœืกืึธืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืื ื“ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“. ืึทื‘ืขืจ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืœืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืึทืงืขืืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืกืึธืคืขืง, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’: ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“, 


ืฐ. ืœื™ื ื™ืง 


111 


ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ ืคึผืœืขื ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง ืงืคึผืกื 


ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืจืขื˜ืืจ ืคื•ื ืขื ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืงืึธื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืคึผื›ืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฐื˜ืึธื ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ื‘.ืœ. ืงืึทืจืกื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืคืŸ 
ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจื™ืคึผืœืขื ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืง ืงืคึผืกืค ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืก 


ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: 
,...ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš 
ื“ืขืจืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจื™ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ 


ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื–. ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ืฆื•ื˜ืื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืœืขืจืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ-ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืื“ืจืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืขื“ืื’ืึธ- 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜. ืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืึธ- 
ื˜ืจืื ืกืœื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทื ื”ืฒื™ื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื™ึทื“ื™ื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืœืงืกื™ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœืขืจ ืงืืžืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ, ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืฒึทื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืืžืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. ืขืก 
ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืขื™ืื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ;ื ืึธืฐืึธืกื˜ื™?, ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜". 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืื›ืงืฒึทื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืขืจ, ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื–ืข. ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข-ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจืขืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืขื–ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืข 
ื‘ื›ืืฉืœื•ืกืŸ ืืฃ ืฆื• ืคืืจืฉื ืขืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืึธืœื™ื’ืจืืคื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžื‘ื™ื ืื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš- 
ืคืืจืœืื’, ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ืึธื ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื’ืจื- 
ืคื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฒึทื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื ืคืืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื•ื›ืข- 
ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืกืคืกืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜, ืฐืฒึทื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืืจื•ื™ืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืึธืจื’ ืคืืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื- 
ื“ืขืจืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื™ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื™ึทื“ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ึทื ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœื“ืื•ื•ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืฑื™ื˜ืฐืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜! ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืข ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ื ืคื™ืœื™ืืœ ืคึผื•ื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืšื™ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™- 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืื ืžืขืœื•ื›ืขื™ืงืึธืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ ืคืืจ ืคึผืึธืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ื™ืืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคื˜ืจืฆื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืื’ืื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื•ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ? 

ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื˜ ื. ืœ. ืงืึธืจืกื•ื ืกืงื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืฒื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ืฐื•ืขืจ ืจืึธืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ 
ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืืกืŸ-ืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ื ื’. 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืกื‘ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืืœื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœืŸ ,ืžืึธืœืึธื“ืื™ื ื’ื•ืืจื“ื™ื" ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื ืืฉ ืกืึทื•ื•ืจืขื ืžืขื ื™ืง? ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉืคึผืื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื–ื™-ื™ 


12 


ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ,ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืข'. ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคื- 
ื’ืื ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธืคืŸ ืื ื˜ื™ืกืขืžื™ื˜ื™ื–ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ 
ืงืืฆื™ืขืก. ืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ืฃ ื ืคืจืื’ืข: ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืžืขืฅื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืืจื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืข? ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืฒึทืžืขืก ืื•ืคืจืฒึทืกื™ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื ืขืจ ืกื™- 
ืกื•ืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฉื ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœืข ื‘ืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืงืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื’ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื›ื•ึนืกืจ. ืืœืคึผื™ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืื ื’ ืฆื• ื ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฒึทืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืื’ืื ื“ืข. 
ื•ื™ ืก'ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืงืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืื™ืึทื ืขืœ 
ืคื•ื ืขืก ืœืื ื“, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ืึธื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื™ืคึผืขืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืžื™ืŸ 
,ืคืืžื™ืื˜? ืื•ืŸ , ืฆื™ืขื ื™ืกื˜ืŸื•ื™ืคืืจื‘ืื ื“", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืœืฒึทื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜. ื›'ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืฒึทื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื’ืึธื ื™ืึธืง? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืžืึทืœืึธื“ืื™ื ื’ื•ื•ืืจ- 
ื“ื™ึธื?, ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืฒึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืœื™ืงืขืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ , ืคึผืจืื•ื•ื“ื" ืคืืจืŸ 2-ื˜ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ื™ืื‘ืขืจ 
ื”ืื™ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ ,ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืžืขืก./, ื–ืฒึท- 
ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื’ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื•ืจืืœื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืขื ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื™ื• ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ืขื 
ืึธืจื’ืืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒื™, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ 
,ืคืจืื•ื•ื“ื? ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ. 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืืœืข ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœืื ึทื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก 
ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฐืฑืœื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืจืฒึทืŸ ื ืฆื•"ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจืข ืงื•ื™ื›ืขืก. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืข ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืจืข ืคื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืคืจืื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ื™ื™ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืก'ื“ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืืกืŸืื™ื ืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืฒึทื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืœืขื›ืข, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืืฐื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืข, ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผื™ึทืขืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืฆืื“ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืืจื˜ืฒ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืจืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, 
ืคื•ื ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืกืึทืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกืกืจ". 


(ืคื•ื ืขืค ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืก-ื‘ืืจื™ื›ืฃ 
ื‘ืืจืŸ 22 ืกืขื ื˜'ืื‘ืขืจ 1959 ื™ืืจ, 


(1121510961) ืžื•ืชื˜ื•ืช 116169 01 ืกืžืชื’ืช 16 15 1156 186 01 }ื’ื•ืก 2015560 1824 204111695 (ื˜ืกืช 
262 2120ื˜058110ืข0/ ,36100006454ื˜56) ื˜0ืก/ื–11026 5810106 .1961 ืชื’ ืžืกืคื ื–ืงืŸ ืž1 0160 ืกืžืขื• 
04 2480 :1930 186 ืž1 61159864ืงืŸ ืก0ืื˜ ืฉืก880ื010ื’) 116/98 01 ืคืกื /2ืช 6ื) 62119 (ื’ืก1 
-22, {ื ืžืืก + 106041005 2150 116 .19909 /1ืช19409-64 1246 186 ืž1 64116 ืžื’ 4160 ืกืื™ 1/1215 
,ืช10ื ื˜ืกืž1ืกื’ืช 6011 + ืคืช10ื–ืžืกืžื– 121100 1620467-1 416 01 /ืก/86202025 /106ืข10 ,ืžืกื ื˜ืกืžื ื 
0 ืกืžื–ื• ,1/0010228 ืž1 2011626) 1410100 620061-1 1 406 01 /02510ืช620 /101106 
.ืž061124ื˜1) ืžืื˜ื–ืกื 20 21159811/ .1 25 {1ืกื˜ื™ 25 ,1930 1216 26} ืžื’ 

ืกื "0ืž11610112 5071648,. 566) 4624 ืค'ืฅืืค1ื˜2ื’, |6ื˜ืžืขืž5 01 1/01105020065ืก ืกื 1' 
(151261) 201124211 ืžืกืค 815 , (6ืฉืกืก0109) 61ืž161 /62088016 ืคื•ื ืฆืก 160010466 616/ื• (1989 ,4 
4 ืขืืคืข;ื˜ืขื’/ .ืž5 ืงื•ื ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื/! ื’ืชืก1610521 186 041 /016580ืขื›ืŸ ,/41698016 210:060821 2400 
-{ืกืฉื ื’ื–ืกืขื˜ื’/ /26206 .ืž01102610ื˜ืง !ื˜ืก ืž1 562464 25 ,1937 ืžืŸ 204 288 1947 14 64116 ืž1 
6 ืช1 /162086 6025 0ื˜ืฉ 4461/08/ 2,614 04 2062401168 218 1069ื˜ืกืข (ืืคืฅื˜ืฆืกืกื) ืžื ืง 
2098 186 ื1 4616 1160 26 ืžืกืžื˜ื• ืกื ืชืกื 5 60110160 

"2462001121 600 . 10 165202064 0ืื˜ื• 1620615 211 10 5/ืž1020 641600 601:015 186 
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.16162424100 

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6 01 ืงื ืก?ืคื ื 106 3ื˜166ื˜6ืข (128110104) .ืืช .ืžืช ,ื˜1,60606 /41040 , '1,6812120 ืชื’ ืฉื–ื’ื– 
ืชื• /121965 186 ,ืค}ืงื ืฅืกืคื˜ืžื’ืžื– 194ื˜ื•ืกืŸ 01 4860011601100 01 86216 ืžื–ืก0ืกื’ืช 220 6106126006 
-1012ื˜200 00116041005 6ื˜ืกื ืžื˜ ,ืฉื–ื˜?ืช06 1918 186 ืžื’ ,26061064 ืฉืขื’ืขืกื’ืŸ 16 .558ื˜ ืกื} 
7,),), 142121166 { 1308600071 1 20015221106) 222/10154ืฉ501621151-18 21624 486 ืฆืก 464 
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-ืคื˜ืชื’ืžืช 01 001160410095 486--ืฅื–ื˜?ืช06ืก 2018 486 ื 1โ€ ื–16105216 ืžื’ 0ืžื˜ืกืžืžื–ืกื’) ืžืกื–ื˜ืื’) 
-161 60561 3 /92086ืข618002 206 ืžื–ื˜2156 222000152121 ืกืž} 01 2111062) 106 ืžื–ืกืข} 1115ืก 
. ( 8216 

-52 106 01 ืช641610 10101210/6 186 419005565 ((1090066) /1219042ื™1 10ืฉ102 ืื˜ 
6 01 ื–ื›ื–ืกืคื˜ืžื’ืžืช 1006 .211 4ืคื•ื˜ื˜ืกืŸ 01 /62ืžืขื˜ืž100 12:00095 186 ,1122826420 ืกื˜ืกืŸื’; 
-52 ืžืŸ 1894 ืžื’ 0190076164 6725 224210012) 21ื˜216016 ืžืŸ 0162160 1122920420 ืกื˜ืก(5212 
.1206 114ืกืขื• 14 62/066 0046 486 01 241005ืข111194 1ื˜0621ืžืกื˜ื˜ 86 1' . (12ื˜120512 +) ืกื˜ืกืŸ ื’'ื– 
-ื˜/|11 00212046115110 5ืกื’ืช 106 01 1600000410053 186 ืงืžื•ืช0001241 601610 12?016ืž1ืž1 6 1' 
1988 ืžื’ 2:8160 ืชื’ 8115860ื˜ื›ืŸ 25ื˜ื• ,211016 106 ืžื• 6465011060 511211005 

06041095 16 0114101565 (15/261) ืž586206602 18 /1116ื˜ื˜ /1616 ืก1ืžื–ืก1ืกื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ืž} 
3 :0014 ืžืก1ืžืขื• ,15:261 ืžืŸ 0119860ื˜ืง ,108ื˜0090 3 ืฉืก ืืขืกืกืก 46 ืžื– 3ืช41510:410 
.14ื˜ืก ืฅ1500211ืกืง 486 01 2/5ืกืฅ 486 ืชื– 104111266ืข 114615ืขืฆ ืž19ืฉ66| 503164 136 ืžืก 

ืฆ00ื˜/2'' 61ื˜ืกืž 0'5ื–4161006, ื’ืชืก01ื5 01 ืช01102:10ื˜ืง 486 068ืž00011 102822106 146 
-10165ืงืŸ 01 082/21613 /10:686 486 206 , (1989 ,1-10 ืคืกืืŸ 2068 1988 ,7-12 ืคืกืืŸ 566) "1026 
9 01 1116 106 ืž16ื˜ืฆ 4621100 "260016 181261 ?400160/ 186 ' ืืกืกืก ืคึผ'ืฅืืค1ืกื ืื– .24 .ื ืขืกืค 
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5 406 10 461106:60 6ื |11ืฉ+ 11-12 1408 1596 10 +ืž1606ืงืงื˜5 400016 1186 
!12 140 15536 0}ื ืฉ 40861061 


ืขื–ืื˜ืคื˜ื 


(' 11070612261 164ืฉ50'') "/116111200 50161150*' 
9 +06ืข6ืฉ110 ,11 ืกื1 


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.0558 186 01 600168ืง 486 01 120802265 106 01 /60ื–0ืง610ื˜66 2260 ืž656172410ืข , ืžืก1} 
-81:0814 /10 ืฆ6ื˜ืž106  260016'3โ€ ืื ืž!0/ืž5 1,60010 ืฉื˜ /16116 2 15 ืž860110 418 ืž1 10014066 
.22 

5464 /08} ืงืฅืก : 1426 110010035 2 1106 22/:20176 ืฉื–ื”ื•ืžืกืž:ื˜00ื 106 
-1214110 21624) 1941-1945 486 ืงืžื ื–ื˜ื˜ื ืฉืืฉืืกืช 2 /0 1466 {ื˜/!ืฉื’ ืกืž}ื– ืž11ื˜ื˜ 46215 , ( 6ืก1090 ) 
-207) 011ื’:54 ืฆึถื˜ {ืกื˜ืกืช ืฉืฉืกื 6ืž} 01 ืž1102110ืกื˜ืง 186 065ืž11ืž60 1029227106 186 .ื–ื’ืฉ 10} 
+/62 -- 1940 1216 486 /0 1624 ืžืกื ืžืฉ ( 2006ืข0ื’ื–26006.  )โ€ 12801'' (21090060) ื’ืก 
.26016991023 542110154 1950 

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ืฆืก 21095-802408). ื ืชืกืกืง 486 16240165 ืช560010 1006 .(ืืคืฅื˜ืขืกืกื) :210 ื‘ึนืฉึฐืชื ืช 220 
1 /ื–38ืขืกื˜ื•ืžืž2 7ืฐ01118424 854 186 }0 ืž012110ื’ื–ืกืžื–ื ืชืกืก ืž1 . (6ืฉ810900) /21081106 ืฆื•ื–ืกื’ืŸ 
6 18ื’ 115065ืก'ื˜ื›ืŸ 222106ื’ื ืช 486 (1904-1906) }161 ืฉ210196 64ืกื›ืŸ ืืคื˜ืฉืกืŸ ืฆื˜ืกื’ื ื’} ืกื’} 
1186 1.02020110 ' ื’ืขืกืกื›ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ืกืž 

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-ืช00 2160001/8 106 0211165 1556 86 1 . (1989 ,10 ืกืื’ 566) 2061 1344 ืฆื +65000060ื– 
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148 13119467642 1146 "186ื’ื•ืžืชืžื›ื™ - 6994 ืชืกื ืž .ืžืกืคื’ืขื›ืŸ ืช1 9621 186 215ืกืฅ 6} 800 
1640 61ืกืžื–ื˜!ืง 9116 2 ืฉืืคืž1!ืง1824 {ืกื˜ืžืชืž5 ืžื’ื ืช 160121/242016 2 }04 46119 (5ื˜ื ื’ืž!ื’/ ) 
/162ืž406120 2109340ื›ืŸ 2 200 846440 2ืž/1 16 ืžื’ /101388 ืกืžื˜ืœ ,ืฆืฅืกืกื˜ืขืฅื–ื ืกื˜ืก ื˜ 

60 640 16316ื’1ืก 150ื˜ื˜ืก1 1116 01 110169 ืกื˜ืฉื˜} 101/0001069 8604100 ' 1/16001121 ื˜ืก ื™ื™ 
-16016531025 542110154 16 01 165314 2 45 

610046 200 ืก11ืกื˜ืง 204106 200 01160 ืฉื–1ื’11661 , (1890-1937) 1030643 (1.02158 
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01311444441 216 85ืข0ื˜ืฆ (0114102 1118 .6110010219ืกืŸ 41116166 10 60211101660 286 ,105ืงืก} 
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ืข6000006. 186 }0 ืช60110 45ื˜ื˜ 116 .219ืกืฅ 1056 ืžืŸ 114615ื˜ื˜ ืคื ืฉื•ืก ืฉื›ื 015860ื’ื•ืšืŸ ืคืขื–ืกืขื˜ 
ืฉืฐืžื–ืก402640 ืž5312ื˜ืขืก1ืกืฅ 16 04 ื–56610 ืž5ื’ืืกืŸ 0116 ื–86ื–ืกืขืฉ 5016041110 {ืขืกืžื’ืžืคื˜ื˜ืกื ืฅ4211 
-146 6101093120ืฉืฅ8 16 }0 1211166ืข20) 1:00021100 186 01 ืžื’ืžื–ื–ื ื’ืืก {?+ื˜ืง46 50160069 01 
64061164 745 26 ,1926 ืื’ ,2211002(1900 016015 206 ื’ื–ืคื ืฅื1/065 01 4600960, .8110ื˜ืง 
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-06246 0056 061ื›ืŸ 5016 6184 00141200100 ืžื’ , (1889-1952) ืž20158161) 10ื˜124 
-1ื’ืขืกืขืง !0186 168ื˜+ /4086180 12160ื 20210 25ืขื• 116 .2ืกืฅ ืคื ื} 0616012466 061098 13 ื•ื”ืช 
.01016ืก 660198/, 186 01 160169604241769 +ื–ืชืกืช 

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14466ืžื’ื ืกื˜ื˜) 250156 *4011-1/ ืžืคื ื˜ืฉืกืŸ 406 01 ืคื–ืกืžืžื–ืกื ืช 21600619 / 2ืฅ11 200 (72ืฐ982ื˜629/0) 
-141581) /6ื˜1482740 1/101386 .ืžืกืคื•ืชืง ืžื’ 0168 206 ,1948 /ื–ื’ื˜ืžื’1 ืžื’ 21165164 16ืกื˜ืฆ ืกื˜ืข 


111 ื 


-00861 6806208444 2084ืข881221011 -- (1992--1889) 1001016/4 //ืฐ1128 
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.ื’ืžืžืฅื™ื–ืžืขืฅื 6806240404 ืขื8ื”16ืข0128ืชืกืงืช ืขืืขื ืขืกื˜ืืฆืฅืงื ืขืืขืชื–ืฆืžืช 0ืก 016 

,1600002 01284404000 246018 084004 24080282824100 /ื—216ื ืขื˜ ืขื•ื–ื’1ืŸ 
1172160 20002 .ื”{ืกื– 1989 34 ื’822ืงืฅืื’ 108606 ื6ืž1261 8 822:21/6ืกืืขื”6ืฆืชืก 
16 141678ื0 4000ืกืขืกืขื–ื•ื ื’ 2410 12:8062408000 ืื’8ืกื—ื˜ 0 ื“ืกื’ื ืขื (ืืกืžืชื”) 
8 06 2882 8 8ืขืฐ206010822 ,8216806006 ืขื” ื (/0010080840) ืช32161:660 
6146 (1114168ืข2) 80860ืž820 2104106 .ืขืข6ื˜328710 8 ืืขื ืฆืกืขื–ืกืช ื— ื’2ืกื– 
-860ืข , (240481602 1) ื’ืžืขืืืขืช2 160242 ื”ืืื— 610ื’ื ืฆืชืกืงืช ืกืืกืขืืก 8 ืกื“ื˜ ื–ืืก? 0 
-ืขื–ืฆืกืงืกื ,8ืืฐ2686002086)) ืžืกืžืก'ืชื ื ืขืก 11170486 .ืฆื”ืกื– 1901 ื 820606 8 1600 
8 004610600ืช ,0004082 1 6112 1 280602 11232818267 (06820194 ืชืืกืืกื”ื’ืžืงื™ืžึผืกื” 
--40-84 2408046 8 846ืข00 8 ืกืชื–ืกืขื•ืกืขืชืกืช ,142012 222ืข2108/ ื— ื•ืžื”ืกื– 16ืž1ื’ื•ื•ื”ืขืžื“ 
-6818 ,10826ืข226 176ืข4ื116 06 /426ืขื0ืชืก8ื 4124246 600 002408 20-4 3246ื˜2 
-6ืขื–ืกืช /,ื’ื–ืืฅืืข8ืž8ื16 062200144604000 22421104000ืข060ืกืงืขื 81006ืกืžืขืช *ืืกื•ื– 
-060286ืฅ 1 ืก6ืืฆืฅืงืกื ืข 16ืขื”2107ืข82 11 0 122246 2 ,0208 30-8 40016 8 ื–ืืกื•ื• 

ื–ืืกื 0 ื”ื—ื•ื•ื’ืืขื”ืกืขื) 10ื–ืกืืกืงืฅื–28 73282ืฅ1116 ืขื–ืงืกืืก 801824ื—06010416 06 
ืขื—ืฐืขื’ืข0006 (ื”ืกื– 1989 32 ืขื—ื’2ื/16 ืขืข4020861 8084606 8ื6186010ื˜ 8 ื’ื—ื–ืข6 
-ืขืง116 060000ืกืงืช ื— (ืคืžื”ืขื’ืง113) ื—ื—ื’ืื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืืก ,(11008482) ืคื—ืกืžืข1! ืžื˜ืžืกืช 600 
6 0ืกืืฅ /ืขืืกืงืฆื–ื”ื’ 111 .ืงืกื”ืฅื ืขื ื˜ืžื—ืืช 11002642/4 1612ืข8600ืขื˜ืฅ 8000ืกื–ืืขื”084ืก 
7 38 746ืขืก0 ื˜ื 2 ื’ืขืขื•ื’ืืขื”ืกืฅืช 12106/0/ 8 68423200 6310 ืื’ื ,ืฆื”ืกื– 1937 8 
ื–ืืกืงืžื” ืคื—ืกื–ื’ื“ืขื˜ ื”ืืกื ืขื”ื—ืก2 28068000286 4846ื—36 0 ืืื”ืขื•ื’ื˜ืขืืกืช2806 ืฆื—ืกื– 
-28 .3 0246 ,2086 ื0ืกืืก261 8 ื•ืขื”ืก? 20-6 8 ืขื—ื–ืžื–ืžืขืื’ ,(ืืกืขืฆืฅืก806) ื”ืขื—ืžืชืกื 
-ืข800841416206 6314 1ืกืžืž8ื—66ืก 

-ืขื”ืกืฅื— 82 ื”ืืกืืขื–ืžืžืฅืžืืขืžื?ืก ,ืื”8ื”1216ืขื˜ 8068 6221/022082 ื”ื—ื–ื•ืื’ืชื˜?ืง 
-ื˜ืกื–ื“ืฅ ืก //000001604 ืื–ืขืืก1ื’ 4461ื2 4 ,ืขื”ื’ืขืงืกืืกื 4112 ืขืกืืขืงืกืฅืง ื”ืกืช ื—ืชืขื—ื’ื 
11111ืข200016 ื– ื–ื–ืขืขื ื•ืกื–ืŸ 

-2ืขืฐ16/) 116068682 ื’2ืžืกื“ืืขื ืืฆืฅื’ื–ืŸ ืืขืืกืกื˜ืขืชืกืชืกื”ืขืฉ 2041002 012186ืก ื 
ืขืืกื“ืกื˜ื—6ืข6 11768434084 //8200086800ืฅ100 ืขืกืขืชืกืืฅืง 080640446) (ืชื’0'ื– 
-00806 ื— 48ืฐ81086ืข/803 ืฐืขืงืกื“ืกืข 06300 4ืก2261 /ืขื’11ืข281214082-111680,) ื–ื 
-ืขื—ืกืืฆืง ื4ืฐืืก68064 ืขืขื—ืืกื”ื—ืกื 26622) 8 162106/4ื•ืชืฅืงื 4ืฐื—ื˜000108 6384000ื 
 006021-โ€ ื—ืขื–ื–ืืก 80 2811216ืืขืชืขืฅ ื’ื—ืขื˜ืขืฅื”ืกืช 6268401642 8646 ื!ื ื 064 
-4202 6;ื–ืืกืง1/4116840 ื–ืืกื˜ืฐืขื“ื˜108012 ื–ืืก?ืก4ืขื“ืž32ืขื-ืื–ืขืฐืกื˜ืฅ ืื ืขื˜ืชืฆืงื 216 
ืืกื˜ืขืžืกืืงืข0 ืืกื22ืงืž4 ืืกืืขื’1160186ืกืขืฆืช ื—ืข ื20086208216786 ื–ืืืืกื–ืืข 
ื ื—ืขืกืกืขื /260808801 804ืกืกืฅืง ื820004816846 ,ืืกื˜ืขืžื˜ืกืขื˜2 ืืกื ืขืงื”ื”ื’ืืขืืงื’ 
-ืขื’40.18681 ,3200800194 8 ,ืžืกื’ืžืืขืžื—ืกืชืกืช 6468401682 8646 ื 8 .ืกื–ืืขื”02ืกืฅ160/ 
 317110002-โ€ ื—ืกื‘ืฅื–ื 40202204000ืขื˜28ื 8ืข00602) ื’ืื ืžืง! ื‘ืข 62ืกืขื—ืกืืฆืฅื ืขืื” 
. (116/00242 8068 ื’ืก 

-2ืขื˜ืขื 0 200842388260ืง (1100482) 64002211129 ื”ืข128, 40860ืฐ101868 
/6806/08000 24ืืขืžื“ื”ืื’ื— 23860100100 -- ื–20214 /20268040:,) ืขืขื–2382 ื–ืืกืžืงืกื ื“ 
-06064 8 0032282 6112 2/212 202680404:) ื’ืชืขื”ื ื”ื’ื”ื’ืกืขืชืกืืฆืฅืข 01828ืกืขืฅืืกืข 
-1000) 202680:) .ื– 8 ืฆืชืกื– 1894 5 ื’682ืื ืฅ06420 2 ,ื—ืข06ื”1212 /168640800 
ืขืขื•ื’ืงื–ืกืกื•ืชื”ืข 200846ืงืืกืงื” 287410108 24086402 000688001210) .(ืืข88ื”ืก 
-23 211008406ืข:ื•ืข/2 .48008ืช43860 ืกื ืฅืฆืžืกืžืขื ืž/ืกืงืกืกืขืงืช ื’ืก ืื’ืขืงืก?ืกื 04ืž681022 
6 *ื–ืื—ืืฆื”ืกืง8ืกืง 0046024 ,012188 068214642ืช ืฅื0ืก80100 ,4248246 
ืฆื”ืกื– 1988 ืž 3200666 8 ืกื”ื—ืขื•ืžื 6040 ืขืขื•ื’ืงื–ืกืกื ื”ืžืื”ืข ืื–ื˜ืขื˜60ืกื–2024ื 

(8/ืข11302) 111681620 ื—ื—ื”ื›ึฟ ืคืžื—ืก21ืกืขืช 408846ืข8 ืืกืืกืกื˜ืขืืกื”ืกืช 0806 8 
8 /8210161106 ,02ืข2080008 ืกื–ืขื”ื˜ื 8 ื’ื—ืขืžืกืื ื’ืืกืขืช 16824680203326 ื 1ืกืฅืืขื–ื ืขืงื 
-06 ,(/82021686 ืืขืืกืฐ/68006 4 8ืก00861 112 ื—ืื”ื’ื—2 //60260242116 ืข 26ืข1302/ 
.ืขืกืกื˜ืžืขื” ื’ืžื”ืฅื ื–ืขื”ืก? 8 ืื–ืžื˜ื”82ืกืงืขืกืกืกืงืช 

-41500 84ื1110208-26226 232ื•ืืกืง ืกื ืขื–ื•ื’ืืขื”ืกืฆื 261ืื 20ืกืงืช ื”ื’ื’ื•ืงืฅื2 
. (1ืกื– 1989 32 10--1 ืคืืค ื— 1988 32 12--7 ืคึทืืœื. โ€ ื–ืืก 11232470) ืขื’ืื–ืฅื–ื•ื– 82828ื 
ื—ืกืžื’ 42106844 ืกืชืกืืกืžืขืกืืขื” .11 .11 600002ืกืงืช ืขืชื–ืขื ืžื ื–ืชืžื’ื”ืช 0360680216) 
0801 66046ืฅืง 412 060160182 0ืฐื–26/080ืฅืข ืขื‘ืขืื’ 0 2004238182107ื˜ ืœืคื”ื—ื’ืงื‘ื— 
!3 


2 6 ื–ื’ื˜ืฆื”ืกื— ื—ื—ืก21ื–ื“ืขื˜ ืื’ืงืกืืก8 12--11 ื ืกืขื’ืกืื ืกื”ื—ืืงื— 628008806 
.2ื”.112ืžืฅืื›ื’ ื–ื ืกืžืกื–ื10ื– 


11 


ื˜ ื•ื 10 ืค ื™ื• ืง 


(ืข2ื˜ืขื”ืกืž 46208610424) ืขื—ื’ื˜ื’ื—ื–ืื”ืกื– /ืข4)00861 
9 ,ืž860ืก4 ,11 ืคื. 


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-ืกืžืขื–11.ื ื 0ืืฐ416026 .8 ?ืกื•ืฆืฅืžืขืกื’ื˜ืฅ /86 ื .ืข06/1ืฐ0040606, /606801ื˜4ื“6006ื– 
-ื’ื”ืชืงื’ืช ื ืืืขื–ืืกื ืขืกื˜ื–ืก ืื–ืขืฐืžื”ื’42/208 (46 6121210 2012802101146ืกืงืช ,08ื 
(124006483) 116268 .24 ืืฅื’ื˜ ืืืขืืกืกื˜ืขื–ืกื”ืกื”ืชืขืฉ 1084100/ .ืœืื’ื“ื’ื“ืฆืฅื—ืกื” ืฆืขืืก//06ื 
8 6086 ,ื”ื–ืขื•ืกื˜ืฆืฅื‘ืข ืื’ืืกื—/ืกืกืงื— 0 +6ื”ื—ื–ื•ื–ืžื•ืื‘3ื’ืง ืขืื•ืžื‘ื” /420880 6121986 ื 
-16011006 1600610416028011 24031024) } .4622 11200808 ืžืกืื•ืž23 ื”ื—ื–ืขืžื‘ื’ืก โ€ 
82ื—ืกืกืžืงืขื } 0 268/1212 11200242000 ืกื•ืืžืกืขืช 267ืื ื˜ื•ืืขืงืช ?ืขืขื•ื–ื•ืกืง 
.8/821ืžื—11180 2184ืข16011ืข 

ื–ืืขื;ืฆื˜ 41108 (1100482) 111/09602 11002602 8ืฉ860ืกื— ื”ื”ื”ืžื”2ื–ื“ื˜ืกืืฆืฅืืกืŸ/ 
ื–ืขื”ืก1 ื 6081000:ืช806800 0086104000 66ื˜ื”8ืฅืก ืขืกื’ืžืฆืฅืงื“ 068411682ืช 7ืขื1646 
-010216ื˜ ืžื–ืขืืกื32 ื–ืกื’ืื ื—ืžืกื”ืกืงืช ื—ื’ืขืกืฆืฅ 28 ื–ืžื•ื•ืขืกื /840ื’016660186) ืžืกืืชื—ืกื˜ 
-4110:2112) 41134627 (11008482) 100480882 ื’ื”ื—ืฅืฆืื’2) ืืกื”ื’ืืกืง ืื•ื˜ืžืกื•ืŸ 0 //6ื—. 
432 )--ื-40 1600112 ืื—ืืขืก60ืงื—26 ืื—ืืกื’ืขื—ื’61 0 6ืฆ22008423218210116 , (ืขืก1ื–ื– 
602084ื– ื-90 

-ืข/0180001 0748 ืขืื–ืืžืกื–ืŸ 2072826112ืกืงืช ื”ืขืื‘ื›ึผืกื— 40828ืข6826 /080666142,) 
06 8 .(ืืก8ืฅ8060ื) 2ื’ืขื11801 ืขื”ืข{ืŸ ื— (ื”/ื—ืืคืงืก!) 8642602 ื”ื—ื› ื’ืืฃ 
-89-86 16 .ืขืกื˜1ืฅื—411606 (124008482) 02ืงืกื˜ืžื—ืขื–210 02ืขืงืกื 2ืื›ืกืช 612726108. 
22 241040661 2032 6806404000 2386008000 ื”ืขืžืกื”ืื ืกืงืŸ ื”ืชื” 00 010ืš 
-116ื–21ื–ืืก 60 ืฉืื›ึผืกืช 10/ืฅืฐ200438601 600 ื–ืกืฆึฐืืขื—ืกืฆึถืช ื”ื’ืžืกืฆืื’ (1900--1904) 
.2ื˜ื˜ืกืŸ 28ืืก 

-ื–1ืกืžืกืกืžืžืกื 806114000 2,ืฐ4/1468 ืกื•ืขื•ื•2ืืขื•ืกืฅืช /26ืื ื—ืกืชืกืงืช ื—ื’08ืฆื/ 
-112/ื0ื—8006 .(ื—ืกื– 3104 324 10 ืคื. 8 ื–ืืก 84232280) 8ื”ื—22606 11022842 ืขืื’ื•ื•ื•ืกืช 
ืืขื’ื•ืกื–ืฆื”ืกื”ืกืกืช ื—ืข 6046ื–ื˜ืขื1,0 ื 20016ื˜ ,ืขื–ื‘ืขืื’ 11110ืข11606 /6806 ืก ืขื–ืื”ืขื–ื• 
. (74100882) ื’ื–ื•ืขื”ืžืกืกืžืฅ1 2ื”ืขืกืง0ืฉ) ืืกื“ืขื”ืกื” โ€ ืืฐืขืฐ1016ื”328 ื ืื–ื˜ื”ื˜626ืžืกืงื— ืื’ื”ืกื– 
-20ืง 62ืื”ืฅื4111 6086ื˜0 8 (100ืข;ื˜ืžืขื) ืืื—ืก1,280 11682ืข28 112ืข0ืžื”1110216 
 00228 48111681 -โ€ ื–ืืกืืกื•ืขืช18 ืกื”ื›ืฅื/11 16008646 ืืกืขืžื”32863216 ืก 23018261ืก 
-02600368-8040 ื–ืืกื“ืกืกืงืช ,010886 ืืกืืกืž2ื‘ืขื–ื“ืงื’ื— ื—ืข 6110 ื–ืืกืืกื—ื˜ืกื—ื—ืขื 8 ื”ืก 
-2106008810 /86606016 08ื101116ืฅ3ื˜ื—ืกืช / ืกืืขืžื™ื”ืกืžืกืงื— 

ืืฆืžื” 0 22008423882107 ืœื—ื’ื—ืžืกืืกื //ื’411 2ืกืืขืกืกืฆื ื—ืกื— ื–ืขืžื’ืข160ื’ืŸืŸ 
-6ืง ืืขืืกืžืขื”4ื’01 72081216ืฆ3ืก2 8 ืืขื’ื•ืกืขื–ืกืช /ื–ืขืงืฅื“ืžื”ืฆื /680640800 884ื”8ื—468416 
.1ืข0ืก6ืžื— 

-882001ืขืฅ200 ืชืข /061160186421 /1ืžื˜ืžืขื–ื8 -- (1937--1890) 61ืฅ21 ื—ืื–ื–ื’ื 
1ืขื–'ืขืงื 16ืžื ื•ืง/ื’ืžืงืก1ืขื—. ,ืขื—ืขืกืกืฆืžืกื—ืกื 8 0808 90-8 -- 20-8 8ืฐ264816 /861111811 
ื˜ืขืขืช26040, ื–ืืกืข00408 8 ืื•ืžื’ืฐ80684116 ,ื–ืขื–ื–ื 80ื˜ื—160840 ืžืขื–ืกืฆื—ื ื˜ื ื–ื•0) 
-06111601 12 /672161 607080ืื ืกื–ื–ืขืช ื—ื’ืกืขื—2ื˜ ,ืกืงืฅื–ื’ืงืกื“1ืขื” /40680ืข6806 8 000206 
-113 ืืขืืก6ื˜ื—/ืชืกืข60ืช ืื–ืžื•ื˜ืขื”ื‘ื’ืง ื 66212208ืช ืขื16 ืกื•ืžื–1ืงืฉื“2ืงืกื“ืขื— ืข 861111216 
ืข 8ืฐ/06061168 ืกืชืขืืกืงืขื–ื– ื–ืžื–ืง202/416, 2260 ืื—ืืกืกื˜ืขื–ื—ืงื 600 ื”ื—!, ืฆื”ืชื–ื•ื”ืช 
ืž081103112110078 ื— ืžืฉืกืกื•2ืก6ืžืขื—ืกืื”ืงืช -- ื16 6 8660616 /ื–ืžื—ืกืื•ืขื 6281126ืกื”ื– 
 8/-โ€ ื–ืื—626ืžื‘ืขืกืงื 26ื˜32861 806 118 ื”ืก 2ืืขื”ืืก ื–ื•ืกื–ื•ืฅ!/ ื—ืื–ื– 2 ./ืข11ืกืช ืืœืฅืก 
-6ืง 0200127 60 .ื–ืขื”ืกืช 16 ืž 0621686/4ื—ืช ืืฐ8ื6806/10 602 ืชืกืช-ื‘3ืข 6ืขื–ื•ืžืขื”ืกื 
0 ื–ืืกืืขื˜ืžืฅืก?ืกืก 7ื–ืž6 ,7ืขืžืง4608186 2360 62046201681104 ื–ืืกืงืกื–ืื”ื” 
-06083082 ืกืช 4161924ื160 8ื—8068216ืกืžื— ื328660141686 ,8662 28 0681002 
-112 ืืก2311ื˜ืื ืกืฅ6 ื— 6ื–ืื‘ืขืื ื•ืกืง? 8 0686 17ื6 ืฐืก ืฆื”ืกื– 1930 ื˜ืž .6):2ื ืกื ืขื– 
ืืกื—ืฆืฅื–ืงืกื 26 ื—ืื”ื ืืกืก 113 ./20601082 ื’ืขื—ืขื–ืงื’ืช ื‘ืข ืžืกื˜ืกื ืชืืกืข ,112113806ืกืขื–ื– 
= 1 7--11 


4 
ื’ื™ 


ืชืžื”ืชื”ื”ืค?ื– ื•ื˜ืขื–ื“0088ืก 


(02042ืงืŸ ื”608616824 ) 


ื”ืกืก ืกืื  
ื”ื’ืฐืงืฅืื’ 661868812ืื ืกืชืขื-ืกื˜ืงืฅื–ื’ืงืกื–ืขืช 


806 66064080/ 2300 


082 2162680ืกื•ืช ื’6001038 8ื’ื–ืง0 


=ื– 1961 6 246164ืช32ื•/ 


82ืช216ืกื—ืื” 44ืฐ46086168 216280180ืช2ื‘ื•'ืŸ 


146 ืชืข ืื–8882 4 00 ื8ื’4ืกืง /ืž2288ื– 


2 4ืฅ 1 ื ื’. ืช. ืก ื ื ื˜ 'ื™ 


,(264281022 24288000 ื38) ืงืกืชืืกื .2 
ื™ืชืฆื•ื’ืชืก11 .ื ,8ืฐ102240 .0 ,ื—16 .1 
220604ืฐ62) ื™ืค ,210228862 .} ,ืงืกื”ืคืชืฐื–ืกื•ืช 8 
0ืฐื’1012280 0 ,ืงืกืืกื˜186 8 

04ื—261/2 .1 ,160ืกืฅื’ืข .6 

(ื˜2ืง06806182 0186101868484811) 


:!222ื”ืงืฆืื’ 262284 28060 
,17 ,42082ื .ืชื”ืฅ ,116812 ,2/100482 ,101000 


: ื ื 11 0 0) 6 ืช 6 1 


1 -- 2642841000 ื”ื•ืžื—ืื”ืชื™ื– 
7 +-- 28 ื’0668061 0186101860814 


2ืขืข8ื2622 164843008884 ; 018084828ืกืื ืกืช2ืฅื 
8 2 ื 0 1 ื’ 8 ื’ 3 .11 ,2 8 ืก ืช 0 ืืก 6 .ื 
ื 8 ื ื’ื• ืง 6 1 .ืคื ืค10ืืก000ืก8 


ืขื–ื”ื’ืžืกืช )ื 40880ืข11028 31.08.895 88600 8 0224840 
:1480 3424:2ืฅ8 7021081486 /6400048 18.10899 
.265 .02ืฆ) .ื”ืืค 11700,29 .ืช .1166 .ืŸ| ืฉืฉ ืชื”ืืกืฉืืงื– 
7 3486 ื—ืกื 70 1162 .0,129--8,8 .ืช ืืฆึธื .(18,2/9 .ืช 


ืฐ382868 2202000,! 2808000ืข10 0024648 
ื’ืืืื•ืช2680 4110802 7 ื˜ืื” ื”ืขืฉื’ืงื–ืกืชืขื– ื’ืžืคืืกืžืกืืกืก1ืช 
,ืกืข ; 7ื’ืชืขืฐ8ืื“0089580000+ 8/0 
432216280184 2622 ืกื 0602 ื”ื–ืกื–1ืชื’ืืขืกื 
.ืข1000087 42811084ืข:81 }1 ืขืืฉืกื”ืงืชื–ืื”ืกื” 

,13 ,284628088 .060 ,2ื’210048 ,121019 


9 /ื›ืชืžื’ืชืื”ืก! ืžืฐื“406086 ื”ื’ืืงืฉื( (60 


.ื—0ื 710 1622 


20811 


193--0134 4ืคื˜} 


2 )0 
ื’ืžืฐื—01? 


8 00/080 0 


88ืฐืก00060ื 160061,40664248 ื’ื•ื•ื’1! 
-1878ืฅ0ื—16 0 0, 8ืฆืกืืงื“1 
.8600 21 ืืข2ืžื” 1180 2 
/6ื2 ืื˜ืื ืขืฆื 1104 .6160ืฆื ื˜ โ€ 6 

(086019ืช 824ื˜064782ืขืืก4) ื–ืืก1 
8181 6;ืงืขืฅื–8ืงืกื“ืืช ืกื ื–ื”ื•ืื’ื” 
2088 .(1900--1904) ืฉ 8 16 ื 

. (8ืฐ803) ืคืžืกืช 160888ื˜ืข1 

-ืกืงืช ,88ื20) 113860 4 20 ืงืก  }โ€ 1ืŸ 
. (60440ืื’ืช 20 

8640 .3 ,ืื”ืืื–ืกื”ื” 1 ืืืื–ืก 108866/ 
.262 

82,,ื,,. =+ 6 ื 8 6 ืช 4 - ื ืกื’ 1110 
. (200240228616 ,28ื0ืง) ื’ืื–ืขื–ื•ื• 

-403) 116068060108 .ื 46 ืคืช ืขื–ืกื•ึนื .ื 
, ( 18ื 

:400 80680000 ืืขื˜8ืก18}ืŸ ืคืช 266 8 }1 
-0202ืงืช) 204 1920 .80842466414ืช066 
. {26646 

-- 1108822 .2 4 ืื” 08 ืงืฅ 0.1 ื™ืืืง066 
-ืขืฆืฐืŸ{ืŸ ื 2//4162 ื 3 2826ืงื— 0 
0 

ืขื” ืฆืช 2 ืฆืชื’ื—ืืงืกืืกื ืฉื•ึนืืกืฉื•ื”ื โ€ ื 
/ื”{16ืฉ6ืก}1 4 ,(1937--1890) 
(1999--1889) 

ื™ื”ืชืฐ2ืง113 ื‘ืข ื’ืืคืกืขืŸืŸ 0166 3 
ืืกืขื—ืกืืฅืง 8806268426 6 206662. 8 
-600 /ื”ืกื’ื•ื˜ื—ืื”ืกืฅื— 0082068408ืฐืข168, 8 

.1110766 

ื™ืค ืช 0 8 ื 11 6 11 ืคืืงืกื–ืกื ื”ื”ืืกืืกืง8ื? 
ืคื”ื—ืง43 1202 /206888 ื”ื ืืก 
. (70026020661116) 

ืขืž0ืก/ื .ืฉืงืฅื–ืคื”ืฆื 680620808 4ื–1108067 
42 

ืืกืืกื”ืขืชื–ื—ื ื ืืกืืกืกืฆื” 2 6ื30ื˜?ืง 
4388 


}89 


1 ื˜ื